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part 2 biochemistry

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Question
Answer
show Biochemistry  
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show organic compounds  
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compounds that don't contain carbon they are called   show
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which one is more essential for life   show
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this means water can absorb and release large amounts of heat before it changes a lot in temperature   show
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when water changes from a liquid to a gas it requires a lot of heat to be absorbed to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water together...this is called   show
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show Universal solvent  
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water forms layers of water molecules called _________around large charged molecules such as proteins protecting them from the effects of other molecules   show
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show reactant  
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show hydrolysis reaction  
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when large carbohydrate molecules are synthesized (made) from smaller molecules, a water molecule is removed..   show
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water forms a cushion around certain body organs and protects them...this is called   show
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show salt  
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show electrolyites  
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groups of atoms that have an overall charge   show
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show acids  
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show hydrogen ions (H+)  
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show proton donors  
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what do acids do when they are dissolved in water   show
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show Bases  
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show proton acceptors  
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show hydroxides  
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show milk of magnesia (calms stomachs) and sodium hydroide (Lye--used to make powerful soap---granny makes it on Beverly Hillbillies)  
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show bicarbonate Ion (HC03-)  
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show ammonia  
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the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in units called   show
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show 0 to 14  
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show logarithmic  
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at what pH is something considered neutral   show
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show acidic  
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show alkaline  
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show neutralization reaction  
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Homeostasis of acid -base balance is regulated by kidneys and lungs and by chemicals called   show
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show they resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids  
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show strong acids  
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acids that do not dissociate completely, like carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Acetic acid (HAc) are   show
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bases that dissociate easily and completely in water are called   show
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show weak bases  
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the major chemical blood buffer is   show
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why is eater such a good solvent   show
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water makes up 60-80% of living matter, what property makes if an excellent solvent   show
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salts are elctrolytes, what does that mean   show
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which ions are responsible for increased acidity   show
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show a weak base is better to buffer a strong acid  
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show Carbon  
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show carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide  
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Organic molecules are generally   show
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although large only small reactive parts of them called ________ react with other molecules   show
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carbon atoms are very ______________ which means they never gain or lose electrons   show
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show monmers  
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these are chains of monomers (carbohydrates and proteins)that are joined together by dehydration synthesis   show
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show carbohydrates  
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Carbohydrates contain what molecules   show
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show one sugar--simple sugar  
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what does disaccharide mean   show
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what does polysaccharide mean   show
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these are simple sugars and are single-chain or single-ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms   show
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show 1-2-1 (carbon, hydrogen, then oxygen)  
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monosaccharides are generally named according to the amount of _____________ atoms they have   show
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show five--pentose; 6--hexose  
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show the DNA  
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Glucose, (a hexose) is   show
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show isomers....they have the same formula but the atoms are arranged differently  
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show dehyration synthesis...a water molecule is lost in the process  
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what are some of the important disaccharides in the diet   show
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polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars linked together by   show
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why can't disaccharides pass through cell membranes   show
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because polysaccharides are large and fairly insoluble, they are good for what   show
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show starch  
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show glycogen  
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show in skeletal muscle and the liver  
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what is the function of carbohydrates   show
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show other organic solvents such as alcohol and ether  
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Lipids are made of what molecules   show
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show triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids  
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show neutral fats  
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show when solid, they are called fats, when liquid, they are called oils  
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show fatty acids and glycerol  
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show 3 to 1  
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these are linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end   show
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show glycerol  
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show water is polar and non polar and polar do not mix  
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show they are the body's most efficient and compact form of store energy and they yield lots of energy  
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where are triglycerides found?   show
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fatty acids chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as   show
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saturated fatty acid chains are straight and at room temperature are packed together and   show
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fatty acids that contain one double bond between the carbon atom is called   show
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fatty acids with multiple bonds between the carbon atoms is called   show
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oils that have been solidified by adding Hydrogen atoms are called   show
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show omega-3 fatty acids (found in cold water fish like salmon)  
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these are modified triglycerides with a phosphorus containing group and 2 fatty acids   show
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show steroids  
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show cholesterol  
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show proteins  
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show amino acids  
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show Eicosanoids  
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? Which monomer id blood sugar?   show
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what is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called?   show
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show Triglycerides major source of stored energy in the body. made of 3 fatty acid chains& a glycerol molecule found in fat tissue. P-lipids consist of two fatty acids. found in all cell membranes where they form basis for the membrane  
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show Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers or macromolecules to their monomers by adding water to each bond joining monomers  
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All amino acids have 2 important functional groups   show
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show ….peptide bond  
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2 united amino acids form a   show
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3 united amino acids form a   show
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10 or more united amino acids form a   show
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Most proteins are   show
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Proteins come in how many structural levels   show
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show appearance and shape  
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show fibrous and globuluar  
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Fibrous proteins are   show
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Fibrous proteins are _________________ in water   show
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Since they are insoluble, this makes them have what qualities   show
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They are also known as……   show
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show globular  
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show soluble  
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show functional proteins  
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show immunity, growth, and chemical reactions in the body  
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show fibrous  
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These proteins are not stable   show
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The linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called   show
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Proteins normally do not exist as simple linear chains, instead they twist or bend on themselves forming a more complex   show
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Alpha helix’s link _______   show
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Another secondary type of structure is called the __________ where the chains do not coil but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds   show
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Secondary helix’s link   show
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The third (or tertiary) style is called the _________________ and it looks like a ball   show
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show denatured....but it can be reversed  
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show active sites  
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what does the name amino acid tel lyou about the structure of the molecule   show
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show it is a stringlike chain of amino acids  
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show alpha helix and beta pleated helix  
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show molecular chaperones  
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show prevent accidental or premature folding of protein, help transport proteins across the membrane, promote the breakdown of denatured proteins, trigger immune response to disease  
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the first such proteins discovered were called heat shock proteins--why   show
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These are globular proteins that act as a biological catalyst   show
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enzymes consist of two parts that make up the holoenzyme , what are these parts   show
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show substrate  
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this is the energy that is needed by enzymes to perform their function   show
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show break the bonds of the reactants  
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kinetic energy is used to make the bonds break, how can kinetic energy be increased   show
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show prevent inaccurate folding in the 3d structure of the protein  
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show enzymes hold the substrate in a desirable positionto interact  
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nucleic acids are composed of what   show
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show DNA and RNA  
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show nucleotides  
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the 5 major varieties of nucleotides   show
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where is DNA found   show
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what does DNA do   show
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show deoxyribose  
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show double helix ...looks like a twisted ladder  
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show outside the nucleus  
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how do DNA and RNA differ in the bases and sugars they contain   show
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show it dictates protein structure (how to make a protein) and it reproduces itself so the new cell is identical to the old cell.  
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show ATP (adenosine triphosphate)  
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show ATO stores the energy is small packets that are released easier  
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what change occures in ATP when it releases energy   show
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show Cell is basic structure of life, activity of an organism depends on the activities of the cells, structure and function are dictated by the number of cells, continuity of life depends on cells  
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human cells have 3 parts   show
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show fragile barrier, the outer layer of the cell  
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thecytoplasm is the   show
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show controller of cellular activity  
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what is a generalized cell   show
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show defines the boundary of a cell...separating the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid  
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this depicts the membrane as being very thin   show
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show lipid bilayer  
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the lipid bilayer is made of   show
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show hydrophilic--likes water  
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show hydrophobic--dislikes water  
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this is a lipid (fat) with sugar groups attached   show
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20% of the outer membrane surface contains   show
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show proteins  
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show integral and peripheral  
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these proteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer   show
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these proteins are not embedded in a liquid   show
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show glycocalyx--basically the cells are sugar coated  
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show to recognize each other  
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three factors act to bind cells together...they are   show
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these are a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane and they form an impermeable junction   show
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show Desmosomes  
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the button like thickening on the membrane   show
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show guy wires which hold the cells together  
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show Gap junction or nexus  
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what 2 types of membrane junctions would you expect to find between muscle cells of the heart   show
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cells are bathed in a fluid called_______that is derived from blood   show
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show it allows some substances to pass while excluding others  
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show passive process and active process  
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show passive process  
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show Active process  
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Selective permeability is a characteristic of a   show
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show diffusion and filtration  
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what is diffusion   show
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show molecular size (smaller is faster) and temperature (warmer is faster)  
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nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer   show
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show facilitated diffusion  
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show carriers  
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show channels  
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show osmosis  
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show aquaporins  
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show osmolarity  
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the pressure exerted by water against the membrane   show
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the tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis   show
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show tonicity  
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show isotonic " same tonicity"  
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solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell   show
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show hypotonic  
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what is the source of energy for all types of diffusion   show
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what determines the direction of any diffusion process   show
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what are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion and how do they differ   show
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requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substance   show
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show solute pumps  
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show symport system  
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if 2 substances cross in opposite directions the system is an   show
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fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes in sacs called   show
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show exocytosis  
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when the substance moves from the cell exterior to the cell interior   show
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show phagocytosis  
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it engulfs the item and forms a sac (vesicle) around it called a   show
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phagocytes move by the flowing of the cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods (arm or leg like temporary appendages)   show
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cell drinking or fluid phase endocytosis where the plasma membrane surrounds a very small amount of fluid   show
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the main mechanism for endocytosis and transcytosis of macromolecules   show
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tubular or flask shaped pockets of the plasma   show
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a membrane sac is called a   show
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as a cell grows its plasma membrane expands. is this endocytosis or excocytosis   show
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show they engulf the debris (junk) that is collected in the lungs  
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what vesicular transport process allows a cell to take in cholesterol from the extracellular fluid   show
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the development of specific and distinctive features in cells is called   show
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when more cells are produced than what is needed, the excesses are eliminated in a type of programmed death called   show
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show hyperplasia  
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a decrease in the size of an organ due to lack of use   show
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strings of nucleotides at the end of chromosomes that act like the plastic cap at the end of the shoelace   show
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what is the wear and tear theory of aging   show
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show provide energy to the body  
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