part 2 biochemistry
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show | Biochemistry
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show | organic compounds
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compounds that don't contain carbon they are called | show 🗑
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which one is more essential for life | show 🗑
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this means water can absorb and release large amounts of heat before it changes a lot in temperature | show 🗑
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when water changes from a liquid to a gas it requires a lot of heat to be absorbed to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water together...this is called | show 🗑
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show | Universal solvent
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water forms layers of water molecules called _________around large charged molecules such as proteins protecting them from the effects of other molecules | show 🗑
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show | reactant
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show | hydrolysis reaction
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when large carbohydrate molecules are synthesized (made) from smaller molecules, a water molecule is removed.. | show 🗑
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water forms a cushion around certain body organs and protects them...this is called | show 🗑
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show | salt
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show | electrolyites
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groups of atoms that have an overall charge | show 🗑
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show | acids
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show | hydrogen ions (H+)
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show | proton donors
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what do acids do when they are dissolved in water | show 🗑
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show | Bases
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show | proton acceptors
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show | hydroxides
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show | milk of magnesia (calms stomachs) and sodium hydroide (Lye--used to make powerful soap---granny makes it on Beverly Hillbillies)
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show | bicarbonate Ion (HC03-)
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show | ammonia
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the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in units called | show 🗑
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show | 0 to 14
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show | logarithmic
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at what pH is something considered neutral | show 🗑
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show | acidic
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show | alkaline
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show | neutralization reaction
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Homeostasis of acid -base balance is regulated by kidneys and lungs and by chemicals called | show 🗑
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show | they resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
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show | strong acids
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acids that do not dissociate completely, like carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Acetic acid (HAc) are | show 🗑
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bases that dissociate easily and completely in water are called | show 🗑
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show | weak bases
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the major chemical blood buffer is | show 🗑
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why is eater such a good solvent | show 🗑
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water makes up 60-80% of living matter, what property makes if an excellent solvent | show 🗑
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salts are elctrolytes, what does that mean | show 🗑
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which ions are responsible for increased acidity | show 🗑
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show | a weak base is better to buffer a strong acid
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show | Carbon
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show | carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
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Organic molecules are generally | show 🗑
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although large only small reactive parts of them called ________ react with other molecules | show 🗑
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carbon atoms are very ______________ which means they never gain or lose electrons | show 🗑
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show | monmers
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these are chains of monomers (carbohydrates and proteins)that are joined together by dehydration synthesis | show 🗑
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show | carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates contain what molecules | show 🗑
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show | one sugar--simple sugar
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what does disaccharide mean | show 🗑
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what does polysaccharide mean | show 🗑
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these are simple sugars and are single-chain or single-ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms | show 🗑
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show | 1-2-1 (carbon, hydrogen, then oxygen)
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monosaccharides are generally named according to the amount of _____________ atoms they have | show 🗑
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show | five--pentose; 6--hexose
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show | the DNA
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Glucose, (a hexose) is | show 🗑
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show | isomers....they have the same formula but the atoms are arranged differently
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show | dehyration synthesis...a water molecule is lost in the process
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what are some of the important disaccharides in the diet | show 🗑
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polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars linked together by | show 🗑
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why can't disaccharides pass through cell membranes | show 🗑
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because polysaccharides are large and fairly insoluble, they are good for what | show 🗑
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show | starch
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show | glycogen
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show | in skeletal muscle and the liver
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what is the function of carbohydrates | show 🗑
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show | other organic solvents such as alcohol and ether
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Lipids are made of what molecules | show 🗑
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show | triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
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show | neutral fats
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show | when solid, they are called fats, when liquid, they are called oils
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show | fatty acids and glycerol
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show | 3 to 1
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these are linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end | show 🗑
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show | glycerol
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show | water is polar and non polar and polar do not mix
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show | they are the body's most efficient and compact form of store energy and they yield lots of energy
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where are triglycerides found? | show 🗑
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fatty acids chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as | show 🗑
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saturated fatty acid chains are straight and at room temperature are packed together and | show 🗑
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fatty acids that contain one double bond between the carbon atom is called | show 🗑
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fatty acids with multiple bonds between the carbon atoms is called | show 🗑
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oils that have been solidified by adding Hydrogen atoms are called | show 🗑
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show | omega-3 fatty acids (found in cold water fish like salmon)
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these are modified triglycerides with a phosphorus containing group and 2 fatty acids | show 🗑
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show | steroids
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show | cholesterol
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show | proteins
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show | amino acids
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show | Eicosanoids
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? Which monomer id blood sugar? | show 🗑
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what is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called? | show 🗑
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show | Triglycerides major source of stored energy in the body. made of 3 fatty acid chains& a glycerol molecule found in fat tissue. P-lipids consist of two fatty acids. found in all cell membranes where they form basis for the membrane
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show | Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers or macromolecules to their monomers by adding water to each bond joining monomers
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All amino acids have 2 important functional groups | show 🗑
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show | ….peptide bond
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2 united amino acids form a | show 🗑
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3 united amino acids form a | show 🗑
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10 or more united amino acids form a | show 🗑
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Most proteins are | show 🗑
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Proteins come in how many structural levels | show 🗑
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show | appearance and shape
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show | fibrous and globuluar
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Fibrous proteins are | show 🗑
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Fibrous proteins are _________________ in water | show 🗑
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Since they are insoluble, this makes them have what qualities | show 🗑
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They are also known as…… | show 🗑
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show | globular
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show | soluble
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show | functional proteins
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show | immunity, growth, and chemical reactions in the body
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show | fibrous
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These proteins are not stable | show 🗑
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The linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called | show 🗑
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Proteins normally do not exist as simple linear chains, instead they twist or bend on themselves forming a more complex | show 🗑
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Alpha helix’s link _______ | show 🗑
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Another secondary type of structure is called the __________ where the chains do not coil but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds | show 🗑
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Secondary helix’s link | show 🗑
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The third (or tertiary) style is called the _________________ and it looks like a ball | show 🗑
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show | denatured....but it can be reversed
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show | active sites
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what does the name amino acid tel lyou about the structure of the molecule | show 🗑
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show | it is a stringlike chain of amino acids
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show | alpha helix and beta pleated helix
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show | molecular chaperones
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show | prevent accidental or premature folding of protein, help transport proteins across the membrane, promote the breakdown of denatured proteins, trigger immune response to disease
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the first such proteins discovered were called heat shock proteins--why | show 🗑
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These are globular proteins that act as a biological catalyst | show 🗑
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enzymes consist of two parts that make up the holoenzyme , what are these parts | show 🗑
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show | substrate
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this is the energy that is needed by enzymes to perform their function | show 🗑
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show | break the bonds of the reactants
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kinetic energy is used to make the bonds break, how can kinetic energy be increased | show 🗑
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show | prevent inaccurate folding in the 3d structure of the protein
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show | enzymes hold the substrate in a desirable positionto interact
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nucleic acids are composed of what | show 🗑
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show | DNA and RNA
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show | nucleotides
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the 5 major varieties of nucleotides | show 🗑
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where is DNA found | show 🗑
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what does DNA do | show 🗑
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show | deoxyribose
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show | double helix ...looks like a twisted ladder
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show | outside the nucleus
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how do DNA and RNA differ in the bases and sugars they contain | show 🗑
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show | it dictates protein structure (how to make a protein) and it reproduces itself so the new cell is identical to the old cell.
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show | ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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show | ATO stores the energy is small packets that are released easier
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what change occures in ATP when it releases energy | show 🗑
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show | Cell is basic structure of life, activity of an organism depends on the activities of the cells, structure and function are dictated by the number of cells, continuity of life depends on cells
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human cells have 3 parts | show 🗑
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show | fragile barrier, the outer layer of the cell
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thecytoplasm is the | show 🗑
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show | controller of cellular activity
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what is a generalized cell | show 🗑
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show | defines the boundary of a cell...separating the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid
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this depicts the membrane as being very thin | show 🗑
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show | lipid bilayer
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the lipid bilayer is made of | show 🗑
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show | hydrophilic--likes water
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show | hydrophobic--dislikes water
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this is a lipid (fat) with sugar groups attached | show 🗑
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20% of the outer membrane surface contains | show 🗑
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show | proteins
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show | integral and peripheral
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these proteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer | show 🗑
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these proteins are not embedded in a liquid | show 🗑
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show | glycocalyx--basically the cells are sugar coated
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show | to recognize each other
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three factors act to bind cells together...they are | show 🗑
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these are a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane and they form an impermeable junction | show 🗑
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show | Desmosomes
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the button like thickening on the membrane | show 🗑
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show | guy wires which hold the cells together
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show | Gap junction or nexus
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what 2 types of membrane junctions would you expect to find between muscle cells of the heart | show 🗑
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cells are bathed in a fluid called_______that is derived from blood | show 🗑
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show | it allows some substances to pass while excluding others
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show | passive process and active process
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show | passive process
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show | Active process
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Selective permeability is a characteristic of a | show 🗑
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show | diffusion and filtration
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what is diffusion | show 🗑
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show | molecular size (smaller is faster) and temperature (warmer is faster)
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nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer | show 🗑
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show | facilitated diffusion
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show | carriers
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show | channels
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show | osmosis
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show | aquaporins
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show | osmolarity
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the pressure exerted by water against the membrane | show 🗑
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the tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis | show 🗑
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show | tonicity
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show | isotonic " same tonicity"
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solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell | show 🗑
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show | hypotonic
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what is the source of energy for all types of diffusion | show 🗑
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what determines the direction of any diffusion process | show 🗑
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what are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion and how do they differ | show 🗑
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requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substance | show 🗑
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show | solute pumps
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show | symport system
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if 2 substances cross in opposite directions the system is an | show 🗑
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fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes in sacs called | show 🗑
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show | exocytosis
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when the substance moves from the cell exterior to the cell interior | show 🗑
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show | phagocytosis
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it engulfs the item and forms a sac (vesicle) around it called a | show 🗑
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phagocytes move by the flowing of the cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods (arm or leg like temporary appendages) | show 🗑
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cell drinking or fluid phase endocytosis where the plasma membrane surrounds a very small amount of fluid | show 🗑
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the main mechanism for endocytosis and transcytosis of macromolecules | show 🗑
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tubular or flask shaped pockets of the plasma | show 🗑
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a membrane sac is called a | show 🗑
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as a cell grows its plasma membrane expands. is this endocytosis or excocytosis | show 🗑
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show | they engulf the debris (junk) that is collected in the lungs
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what vesicular transport process allows a cell to take in cholesterol from the extracellular fluid | show 🗑
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the development of specific and distinctive features in cells is called | show 🗑
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when more cells are produced than what is needed, the excesses are eliminated in a type of programmed death called | show 🗑
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show | hyperplasia
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a decrease in the size of an organ due to lack of use | show 🗑
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strings of nucleotides at the end of chromosomes that act like the plastic cap at the end of the shoelace | show 🗑
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what is the wear and tear theory of aging | show 🗑
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show | provide energy to the body
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