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compounds that contain carbon
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11th Grade Anatomy
part 2 biochemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter | Biochemistry |
| compounds that contain carbon | organic compounds |
| compounds that don't contain carbon they are called | inorganic compounds (if not organic, they are inorganic) |
| which one is more essential for life | both are |
| this means water can absorb and release large amounts of heat before it changes a lot in temperature | High heat capacity |
| when water changes from a liquid to a gas it requires a lot of heat to be absorbed to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water together...this is called | high heat of vaporization |
| water is called what because it is a solvent that is very useful | Universal solvent |
| water forms layers of water molecules called _________around large charged molecules such as proteins protecting them from the effects of other molecules | hydration layers |
| water is an important ___________________in many chemical reactions | reactant |
| when a water molecule is added to food foods can be digested --this is a decomposition reactions also called | hydrolysis reaction |
| when large carbohydrate molecules are synthesized (made) from smaller molecules, a water molecule is removed.. | dehydration synthesis |
| water forms a cushion around certain body organs and protects them...this is called | cushioning |
| an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-) | salt |
| all ions are this and they are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution | electrolyites |
| groups of atoms that have an overall charge | polyatomic ions |
| these have a sour taste and can react (dissolve) metals and can burn | acids |
| acid is a substance that releases | hydrogen ions (H+) |
| because a hydrogen ion is just a hydrogen nucleus, or "naked" proton, acids are also defined as | proton donors |
| what do acids do when they are dissolved in water | they release hydrogen ions (protons) and anions |
| These have a bitter taste, feel slippery and take up hydrogen ions (H+) | Bases |
| this is the term that meand they take up hydrogen ions | proton acceptors |
| common bases include the__________________ | hydroxides |
| 2 common hydroxides are magnesium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide===also known as | milk of magnesia (calms stomachs) and sodium hydroide (Lye--used to make powerful soap---granny makes it on Beverly Hillbillies) |
| This ion is an important base in the body and especially in the blood | bicarbonate Ion (HC03-) |
| this is a common waste product of protein breakdown in the body and it is a base | ammonia |
| the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in units called | pH units |
| the pH scale runs from ______to __________ | 0 to 14 |
| each successive change of one pH unit (example from 1 to 2 or 4 to 5) represents a tenfold change (times 10). this is called a _________ change | logarithmic |
| at what pH is something considered neutral | 7 |
| solutions below 7 are considered | acidic |
| solutions above 7 are considered | alkaline |
| when acids and bases mix, they form a water and a salt, this reaction is called a | neutralization reaction |
| Homeostasis of acid -base balance is regulated by kidneys and lungs and by chemicals called | buffers |
| what do buffers do | they resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids |
| acids that dissociate (dissolve) completely and irreversibly are called_____and can dramatically change the pH of a solution | strong acids |
| acids that do not dissociate completely, like carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Acetic acid (HAc) are | weak acids |
| bases that dissociate easily and completely in water are called | strong bases |
| bases that dissociate incompletely are called | weak bases |
| the major chemical blood buffer is | carbonic acid-bicarbonate base |
| why is eater such a good solvent | they are polar molecules and they attract the solute(the item being dissolved) molecule and then wrap around it |
| water makes up 60-80% of living matter, what property makes if an excellent solvent | its polarity makes it a good solvent....as a dipole it can orient itself to the end of othermolecules |
| salts are elctrolytes, what does that mean | they conduct electricity |
| which ions are responsible for increased acidity | H+ is responsible for acidity |
| to minimize the sharp pH shift that occurs when a strong acid is added to a solution, is it better to add a weak base of a stron base? why | a weak base is better to buffer a strong acid |
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids all contain ________-which makes them an Organic compound | Carbon |
| These are two exceptions to the rule that says all compounds containing carbon are organic | carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide |
| Organic molecules are generally | very large |
| although large only small reactive parts of them called ________ react with other molecules | functional groups ( acid groups, amines for example) |
| carbon atoms are very ______________ which means they never gain or lose electrons | electroneutral |
| these are biological molecules that are similar or repeating | monmers |
| these are chains of monomers (carbohydrates and proteins)that are joined together by dehydration synthesis | polymers |
| Groups of molecules that includes sugars and starches | carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates contain what molecules | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| what does monosaccharide mean | one sugar--simple sugar |
| what does disaccharide mean | two sugars--double sugar |
| what does polysaccharide mean | many sugars-- |
| these are simple sugars and are single-chain or single-ring structures containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms | monosaccharides |
| what ratio is generally used when talking about sugars | 1-2-1 (carbon, hydrogen, then oxygen) |
| monosaccharides are generally named according to the amount of _____________ atoms they have | carbon |
| the most important sugars in the body are pentose and hexose....how many atoms of sugarare in each | five--pentose; 6--hexose |
| deoxyribose (a pentose) is part of what | the DNA |
| Glucose, (a hexose) is | blood sugar |
| two other hexoses (Galactose and Fructose) are ____________________ of glucose | isomers....they have the same formula but the atoms are arranged differently |
| disaccharides are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined by | dehyration synthesis...a water molecule is lost in the process |
| what are some of the important disaccharides in the diet | Sucrose (glucose+fructose)--cane or table sugar, lactose (glucose + galactose) milk sugar, maltose (glucose+glucose) malt sugar |
| polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars linked together by | dehydration synthesis |
| why can't disaccharides pass through cell membranes | they are too large and need to be absorbed in the digestive tract |
| because polysaccharides are large and fairly insoluble, they are good for what | storage |
| the storage carbohydrate in plants is called | starch |
| the storage carbohydrate of animals is called | glycogen |
| where is glycogen stored | in skeletal muscle and the liver |
| what is the function of carbohydrates | provide a ready and easily used source of fuel for the cells |
| Lipids (fats) are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and | other organic solvents such as alcohol and ether |
| Lipids are made of what molecules | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but the proportion of oxygen is lower than carbohydrates |
| Lipids include | triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids |
| triglycerides are also called | neutral fats |
| they are commonly called fats and oils...when are they called this | when solid, they are called fats, when liquid, they are called oils |
| triglycerides are made of 2 building blocks | fatty acids and glycerol |
| What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol | 3 to 1 |
| these are linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end | fatty acids |
| this is a modified simple sugar | glycerol |
| triglycerides are nonpolar molecules and they dont mix with water..why | water is polar and non polar and polar do not mix |
| what is good about triglycerides | they are the body's most efficient and compact form of store energy and they yield lots of energy |
| where are triglycerides found? | mostly under the skin where they insulate the body and protect thedeeper body tissues from trauma |
| fatty acids chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as | saturated |
| saturated fatty acid chains are straight and at room temperature are packed together and | solid |
| fatty acids that contain one double bond between the carbon atom is called | monounsaturated..it is an oil and not a fat because the atoms are not packed close together |
| fatty acids with multiple bonds between the carbon atoms is called | polyunsaturated...it is an oil and not a fat because the atoms are not packed close together |
| oils that have been solidified by adding Hydrogen atoms are called | trans fats..they increase heart disease |
| this fat decreases heart disease | omega-3 fatty acids (found in cold water fish like salmon) |
| these are modified triglycerides with a phosphorus containing group and 2 fatty acids | phospholipids |
| flat molecules that are made of four interlocking carbon rings | steroids |
| the sinlge most important molecule in our steroid chemistry | cholesterol |
| these make up 10-30% of cell mass and are the basic structural material of the body | proteins |
| the building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| diverse lipids derived from 20 carbon fatty acids found in all membranes. | Eicosanoids |
| What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? Which monomer id blood sugar? | Monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides or simple sugars. Glucose is blood sugar |
| what is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called? | The animal form of stored carbohydrates is glycogen. |
| How do triglycerides differ from phospholipids in body function and location? | Triglycerides major source of stored energy in the body. made of 3 fatty acid chains& a glycerol molecule found in fat tissue. P-lipids consist of two fatty acids. found in all cell membranes where they form basis for the membrane |
| What is the result of hydrolysis reactions and how are these reactions accomplished in the body? | Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers or macromolecules to their monomers by adding water to each bond joining monomers |
| All amino acids have 2 important functional groups | a Basic (base --NH2) group called amine group and an organic Acid group(--COOH) |
| Proteins are long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis with the amine end of of one amino acid linked to the acid end of the next called a | ….peptide bond |
| 2 united amino acids form a | dipeptide |
| 3 united amino acids form a | tripeptide |
| 10 or more united amino acids form a | polypeptide |
| Most proteins are | macromolecules |
| Proteins come in how many structural levels | 4 |
| Proteins are classified according to their | appearance and shape |
| What are the two types of proteins | fibrous and globuluar |
| Fibrous proteins are | extended and strandlike |
| Fibrous proteins are _________________ in water | insoluble |
| Since they are insoluble, this makes them have what qualities | good for mechanical support and tensile strength |
| They are also known as…… | structural proteins |
| These proteins are compact, spherical | globular |
| Globular proteins are ________in water | soluble |
| Globular proteins are also called | functional proteins |
| Globular proteins are responsible for | immunity, growth, and chemical reactions in the body |
| Which proteins are stable | fibrous |
| These proteins are not stable | globular |
| The linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called | the primary structure of a protein |
| Proteins normally do not exist as simple linear chains, instead they twist or bend on themselves forming a more complex | secondary structure |
| Alpha helix’s link _______ | different parts of the same chain together |
| Another secondary type of structure is called the __________ where the chains do not coil but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds | beta pleated helix |
| Secondary helix’s link | different parts of the same chain together or different polypeptide chains |
| The third (or tertiary) style is called the _________________ and it looks like a ball | globular |
| when proteins begin to break down due to heat or pH, they unfold and lose their shape...this is called | denatured....but it can be reversed |
| when globular proteins are denatured, they can no longer do their duties because their function depends on the specific presence of atoms called ________ on their surfaces | active sites |
| what does the name amino acid tel lyou about the structure of the molecule | it has an amine group (NH2) and a COOH group that has acidic properties |
| what is the primary structure of protein | it is a stringlike chain of amino acids |
| what are the 2 types of secondary structure in proteins | alpha helix and beta pleated helix |
| these help proteins achieve their functional three dimensional shape | molecular chaperones |
| what else to molecular chaperones do | prevent accidental or premature folding of protein, help transport proteins across the membrane, promote the breakdown of denatured proteins, trigger immune response to disease |
| the first such proteins discovered were called heat shock proteins--why | they protected cells from the harmful effects of heat |
| These are globular proteins that act as a biological catalyst | Enzymes (catalysts regulate or speed up chemical reactions |
| enzymes consist of two parts that make up the holoenzyme , what are these parts | apoenzyme ( a protein) and a cofactor |
| the substance on which an enzymes acts upon | substrate |
| this is the energy that is needed by enzymes to perform their function | activation energy |
| the activation energy is used to | break the bonds of the reactants |
| kinetic energy is used to make the bonds break, how can kinetic energy be increased | increase the temperature, but high temperatures can denature the proteins---this is shy high fevers are bad |
| what is the main event that molecular chaperones prevent | prevent inaccurate folding in the 3d structure of the protein |
| How do enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed to make a chemical reaction go | enzymes hold the substrate in a desirable positionto interact |
| nucleic acids are composed of what | carbon, nitrogen and phosporus....largest molecules in the body |
| the 2 major nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| the structural units of nucleic acids are called | nucleotides |
| the 5 major varieties of nucleotides | adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C), thymine(T) and uracil (U) |
| where is DNA found | in the nucleus of a cell |
| what does DNA do | it reproduces itself before a cell divides, and it provides instructions for building every protein in the body |
| the sugar in DNA is | deoxyribose |
| the DNA molecule is called a | double helix ...looks like a twisted ladder |
| where is RNA found | outside the nucleus |
| how do DNA and RNA differ in the bases and sugars they contain | DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and the bases A,T,G,and C and RNA contains ribose sugar and the bases A, U (uracil), G, and C |
| what are the 2 important roles of DNA | it dictates protein structure (how to make a protein) and it reproduces itself so the new cell is identical to the old cell. |
| Energy released from glucose through catabolism is coupled to | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| glucose is an energy rich molecule, so why do body cells need ATP | ATO stores the energy is small packets that are released easier |
| what change occures in ATP when it releases energy | when ATP releases energy, it loses a phosphate group and become ADP |
| what are the 4 components of the Cell Theory | Cell is basic structure of life, activity of an organism depends on the activities of the cells, structure and function are dictated by the number of cells, continuity of life depends on cells |
| human cells have 3 parts | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
| the plasma membrane is a | fragile barrier, the outer layer of the cell |
| thecytoplasm is the | fluid in a cell that is packed with organelles |
| the nucleus is the | controller of cellular activity |
| what is a generalized cell | it is the concept that includes structures and functions common to all cells |
| what does the plasma membrane do | defines the boundary of a cell...separating the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid |
| this depicts the membrane as being very thin | fluid mosaic model |
| this forms the fabric of the membrane | lipid bilayer |
| the lipid bilayer is made of | phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids |
| the lollypop shaped phospholipd has a polar head and is | hydrophilic--likes water |
| the nonpolar tail is | hydrophobic--dislikes water |
| this is a lipid (fat) with sugar groups attached | glycolipids....make up 5% of the membrane |
| 20% of the outer membrane surface contains | lipid rafts which are assemblies of saturated phospholipids |
| these make up about 50% of the membrane | proteins |
| there are 2 distinct populations of membranes | integral and peripheral |
| these proteins are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer | integral proteins |
| these proteins are not embedded in a liquid | peripheral proteins |
| this is a fuzzy sticky carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface | glycocalyx--basically the cells are sugar coated |
| because every cell type has a different pattern of sugar in the glycocalyx, this allows cells | to recognize each other |
| three factors act to bind cells together...they are | glycoproteins, wavy contours of the proteins, and special membrane junctions |
| these are a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane and they form an impermeable junction | tight junction |
| these are anchoring junctions--mechanical couplings like rivets | Desmosomes |
| the button like thickening on the membrane | plaque |
| Desmsomes also act as | guy wires which hold the cells together |
| this is a communications junction between adjacent cells | Gap junction or nexus |
| what 2 types of membrane junctions would you expect to find between muscle cells of the heart | desosomes and gap junctions |
| cells are bathed in a fluid called_______that is derived from blood | interetitial fluid which acts a nutritious soup |
| although there is continuous traffic across the plasms membrane it is a SELECTIVELY, or DIFFERENTIALLY , PERMEABLE barrier meaning | it allows some substances to pass while excluding others |
| substances move across the membrane in two ways | passive process and active process |
| in this one, the substance crosses the membrane without any energy from the cell | passive process |
| in this one, the substance provides metabolic energy (ATP) needed to move the substance across the membrane | Active process |
| Selective permeability is a characteristic of a | healthy cells |
| two types of passive transport | diffusion and filtration |
| what is diffusion | the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (concentration gradient) |
| diffusion is based on kinetic energy therefore it is influenced by | molecular size (smaller is faster) and temperature (warmer is faster) |
| nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer | simple diffusion |
| when a substance is transported in a passive way where the substance either binds to a protein or moves through water filled protein channels | facilitated diffusion |
| these are transmembrane integral proteins that help large molecules pass through the membrane channels | carriers |
| these are transmembrane proteins that serve to transport ions or water | channels |
| this is the diffusion of a solvent such as water through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| water moves freely and reversibly through water specific channels made of transmembrane proteins called | aquaporins |
| the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution | osmolarity |
| the pressure exerted by water against the membrane | hydrostatic pressure |
| the tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis | osmotic pressure |
| the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of a cell | tonicity |
| solutions with the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in cells | isotonic " same tonicity" |
| solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell | hypertonic |
| solutions with a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than cells | hypotonic |
| what is the source of energy for all types of diffusion | kinetic energy |
| what determines the direction of any diffusion process | the relative concentration of the substance on different areas--higher concentration to area of lower concentration |
| what are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion and how do they differ | in channel mediated, the diffusing substance moves thru a membrane channel, in carrier mediated, the substance attaches to a membrane carrier ( protein) |
| requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substance | Active transport |
| unlike diffusion, these active transporters move solutes uphill against a concentration gradient | solute pumps |
| if 2 substances are moved in the same direction, the system is a | symport system |
| if 2 substances cross in opposite directions the system is an | antiport system |
| fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes in sacs called | Vesicles...this is called vesicular transport |
| when they eject the substance from the cell interior to the extracellular fluid it is called | exocytosis |
| when the substance moves from the cell exterior to the cell interior | endocytosis |
| this is a type off endocytosis where the cell engulfs some large material | phagocytosis |
| it engulfs the item and forms a sac (vesicle) around it called a | phagosome |
| phagocytes move by the flowing of the cytoplasm into temporary pseudopods (arm or leg like temporary appendages) | amoebid motion |
| cell drinking or fluid phase endocytosis where the plasma membrane surrounds a very small amount of fluid | pinocytosis |
| the main mechanism for endocytosis and transcytosis of macromolecules | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| tubular or flask shaped pockets of the plasma | caveolae |
| a membrane sac is called a | vesicle |
| as a cell grows its plasma membrane expands. is this endocytosis or excocytosis | exocytosis...cell is expanding and pushing outware |
| phagocytic cells gather in the lungs, especially people who smoke, why | they engulf the debris (junk) that is collected in the lungs |
| what vesicular transport process allows a cell to take in cholesterol from the extracellular fluid | receptor mediated endocytosis |
| the development of specific and distinctive features in cells is called | cell differentiation |
| when more cells are produced than what is needed, the excesses are eliminated in a type of programmed death called | apoptosis |
| when a person is anemic the bone marrow goes into accelerated growth to make more red blood cells. this is called | hyperplasia |
| a decrease in the size of an organ due to lack of use | atrophy |
| strings of nucleotides at the end of chromosomes that act like the plastic cap at the end of the shoelace | telomeres |
| what is the wear and tear theory of aging | it attributes aging to little chemical insults and the formation of free radicals, both which have cumulative (they add up) effects |
| monomers are the building blocks of polymers such as monossachrides make up disaccharides. simple sugars make up carbohydrates which do what | provide energy to the body |
Created by:
Wrksmarter