carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| What element is the star of organic chemistry. Life on earth is ? based it makes up the backbone of the biomolecules ... it shares electrons allowing atoms of this element to bond to each other to make chain, branched, or ringed molecules | Carbon
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| What are 3 terms used to describe the molecules called carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | macromolecules, polymers, or biomolecules
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| most polymers or macromolecules are made of repeating units called ?...(. lipids are a little unusual because of their variation in these smaller units) | MONOMERS
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| what are the building blocks or monomers of the carbohydrates | monosaccharides
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| what are the building blocks or monomers of the lipids | they are made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids ( this is a type of lipid called a triglyceride)... there is more variation in the lipid biomolecules than other biomolecules
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| what are the building blocks or monomers of proteins | amino acids ( there are 20 kinds of amino acids...they have a section called an "R" group that makes each unique..
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| what are the building blocks or monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotides... made of 3 subunits a sugar, a phosphate , group and a nitrogen base
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| How do monosaccharides combine to form other carbohydrates | two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide
many monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides
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| name two important monosaccharides.. what is their formula ( they both have the same formula) | glucose and fructose... both have the formula C6H12 O6
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| which monosaccharide is made during photosynthesis and is a very important energy source for organisms and it can be linked to form starches, cellulose, or glycogen.. during cellular respiration this is converted to ATP | glucose
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| polysaccharide that forms the cell wall of plants for support... it is structural rather than for energy ( can't be digested by humans... is fiber in our diets) | cellulose
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| Name 4 polysaccharides | cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
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| Name two polysaccharides found in plants | starch and cellulose
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| Name two polysaccharides found in animals | glycogen and chitin
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| which polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods ( insects , crustaceans, arachids)... as structural components not energy | chitin
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| which polysaccharide is found in the seeds or roots of plants and allows the glucose to bind together for storage . The energy is stored and then the material is broken down to glucose for energy.. | starch
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| which polysaccharide is found in an animal's liver or muscle and allows glucose to be stored... This will break down to glucose to be used as energy | glycogen
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| which organic molecules only have C, H, and O... usually | carbohydrates and lipids
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| both carbohydrates and lipids are usually made of C,H, and O , how are they different from each other? | the carbohydrates have a ratio of 1C : 2H: 1 O such as C6H12O6.... where lipids have long chains of carbon and hydrogen and very little oxygen
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| What elements make up proteins | CHON.... and sometime S carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur
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| What biomolecule has four levels of structure ... primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary | proteins
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| In proteins , what makes up the primary structure | the number and sequence or order of amino acids in the peptide chain or polypeptide chain...protein
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| two examples of secondary structure in proteins are the? and the ? | pleated sheet and a helix
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| what is responsible for the secondary structure in a protein | hydrogen bonds form between different parts of the amino acids which causes unique 3D shapes
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| what is true about the tertiary structure of proteins | the R groups of the amino acids are having various chemical interactions and are forced to fold more and more
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| what is happening in the quaternary structure of proteins | several polypeptide chains ( chains of amino acids) are combining... for example hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains combined
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| proteins have various functions.. Use these initials to describe the functions ( S, E, A, H, and a special one that transports oxygen in blood ) | Structural ( muscles, skin, hair, fingernails etc)... enzymes, antibodies, hormones ( communication in body), hemoglobin
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| a special lipid that is found in cell membranes.. what two things make the cell membrane | phospholipid ... two things that make up the cell membrane are the phosopholipids and proteins
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| This is grouped with nucleic acids because it is a special nucleotide with a tail of 3 phosphate groups...this molecule is a form of chemical energy that cells can use | ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
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| In an organism, glucose is converted to ? during cellular respiration in order for the cell to be able to use the energy | ATP
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| What elements make up nucleic acids | CHONP...
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| What are two examples of nucleic acids that are made of normal nucleotides with 3 parts a sugar, a nitrogen base , and a phosphate group | DNA and RNA
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| What does DNA stand for ( spell correctly) | Deoxyribonucleic acid
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| Which type of nucleic acid is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells ( in chromosomes).. and stores and transmits genetic information | DNA
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| Which type of nucleic acid takes the information from the nucleus and uses it to make proteins which carry out body processes and form structures | RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
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| Examples of lipids are ( name 3) | FATS, WAXES, AND OILS
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| Major function of lipids | LONG TERM STORAGE OF ENERGY... important for hibernation and if you were doing an endurance activity and used up the other energy sources
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| What organic molecule is important for making up part of the cell membrane, insulation, padding, and acts as protective coatings | lipids
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| Give an example of a disaccharide that is used commonly in someone's kitchen | table sugar or sucrose
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| What is a saturated fatty acid | the saturated fatty acid has single chemical bonds and has all the hydrogen that is possible... they are usually solids at room temperature such as steak fat, butter, coconut oil
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| What is an unsaturated fatty acid | the unsaturated fatty acid has some double bonds it could have more hydrogen added to its structure.. they are usually liquids at room temperature... olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, grapeseed oil,
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| Which type of fatty acid is healthier | the unsaturated fatty acids are healthier
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| what is a triglyceride | a triglyceride is a type of lipid found in food and the human body. In a human it is present in blood plasma along with cholesterol...it is made of 3 fatty acids and glycerol and may be saturated or unsaturated
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| peptide bond | a special bond of shared electrons ina protein... they connect amino acid
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| polypeptide | can be used as a word for protein.. a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds... each protein is made of at least one polypeptide chain
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