Ch 5: The Working Cell
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| activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
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| active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.
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| active transport | The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input of energy (often as ATP).
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| ADP | A molecule composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups. The molecule ATP is made by combining a molecule of ADP with a third phosphate in an energy-consuming reaction.
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| ATP | A molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups; the main energy source for cells.
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| calorie | The amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
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| chemical energy | Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy.
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| concentration gradient | An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance within a given region. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of hydrogen ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
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| conservation of energy | The principle that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
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| diffusion | The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient; that is, movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
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| endocytosis | The movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles.
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| Energy | The capacity to perform work, or to move matter in a direction it would not move if left alone.
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| Entropy | A measure of disorder, or randomness. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.
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| enzyme inhibitors | A chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity by changing the enzyme's shape, either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme.
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| enzymes | A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.
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| exocytosis | The movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles.
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| facilitated diffusion | The passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins.
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| feedback regulation | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
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| hypertonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes.
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| hypotonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes.
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| induced fit | The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction.
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| isotonic | Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
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| kinetic energy | Energy of motion. Moving matter performs work by transferring its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals.
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| metabolism | The total of all the chemical reactions in an organism.
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| osmoregulation | The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism.
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| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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| passive transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy.
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| phagocytosis | Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs large molecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.
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| pinocytosis | Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.
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| plasmolysis | A phenomenon that occurs in plant cells in a hypertonic environment. The cell loses water and shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, usually killing the cell.
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| Potential energy | Stored energy; the energy that an object has due to its location and/or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds both possess potential energy.
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis | The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.
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| signal transduction pathway | A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
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| substrate | (1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives.
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| transport protein | A membrane protein that helps move substances across a cell membrane.
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