Nursing Requirements, Source, Excess, Deficiency
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| Vitamin A (retinol) Functions | fat soluable - essential for skeletal growth, normal mucosal epitheleium and visual activity. Preformed-retinol, provitamin/precursor beta carotene.
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| Vitamin D (calciferol)Functions | fat soluable - essential for normal formation of bones and teeth. absorbtion of calcium and phosphorus in GI track.
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| Vitamin E (tocopherol)Functions | fat soluable. essential for normal reproduction, muscle development and resistance of red blood cell breakdown. Antioxidant, production of heme, protection of vitamins A and C. Protects cell membrane, lungs, immune system enhancement.
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| Vitamin K Functions | fat soluable. essesntial prothrombin formation, blood clotting
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| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Functions (7) | water soluable. wound, burn and fracture healing, antioxidant, supports immune system, formation of collagen. assists in absorption of iron. may play a role in heart disease.
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| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Functions | water soluble. need by nerves and muscle cells, supports appetite. component of enzymes
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| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Functions | water soluble. supports vision and skin. metabolism of nutrients
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| Vitamin B3(Niacin)Functions | water soluble. supports health of skin, digestive and nervous system, may lower cholesterol.metabolism of nutrients
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| Vitamin B6(pyridoxine)Functions | water soluble. conversion of tryptophan to niacin. formation of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters. regulates blood glucose. promotes immune funcitons, hemsythesis of amino acids, lowers homocystein which is linked to heart disease.
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| Vitamin B12(cobalmin)Functions | water soluble. coenzyme in fatty acid metabolism, function of cells in bone
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| Folic Acid Functions | water soluble. metabolism of amino acids, maturation of RBC's, new cell formation.
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| Folic Acid Deficiency | macrocytic anemia, occurs in pregancy neural tube defects. Alchol decreases absorption.
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| Folic Acid Sources | liver, meat, green leafy veg, fish , whole grains
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| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | pernicious and macrocytic anemia, neuro disorders, progressive paralysis
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| Vitamin B12 Sources | animal only. milk, eggs, cheese, meat, poultry
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| Vitamin B6 Deficiency | microcytic anemia, dermatitis,GI upset, irritability, weakness, nervousness, skin lesions
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| Vitamin B6 Sources | meat, fish, poultry, protien foods
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| Vitamin B6 Excess | toxciity - peripheral nerve damage. Sensory loss, numbness, ataxia
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| Vitamin B3 Deficiency | pellagra (dermatitis), diarrhea, anorexia, lassitude, indigestion, dementia, death
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| Vitamin B3 Sources | protein, dairy, fish, eggs, mushrooms, cereals
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| Vitamin B3 Excess | toxicty = painful flush and liver damage. reverses antiparkinsons effect of levidopa, loss of sensations, numbness
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| Vitamin B2 Excess | ulcer, elevated blood glucose
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| Vitamin B2 Source | milk, dairy, riboflavin sensitivite to light = reason milk in opqque of covered
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| Vitamin B2 Deficiency | rash, sensitivity to light,scaly skin, cracking mouth, eye irritation, photophobia
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| Vitamin B1 Sources | pork, legunes, grains, wheat germ, oats
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| Vitamin B1 Excess | Tachycardia, headaches, irritability
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| Vitamin B1 Deficiency | alcoholics, fasting (empty calories)Beriberi, polyneuritis, mental confusion, muscle weakness, irritablity, confusion, memory loss
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| Vitamin A Source | preformed: animal- liver and fish, dairy products (whole milk), grean leafy veg, yellow or bright orange fruit and veg, milk, cheese butter,eggs, oils.
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| Vitamin A Deficiency | causes night blindness, rough scaly skin, dry mucous membranes, decreased immune response
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| Vitamin A Excess | causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hair loss, headache, carotenemia. Excessive from preformed not beta carotene. Increased need for children with measles especially 3rd world.
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| Vitamin D Deficiency | rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults (softness of bones)
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| Vitamin D Excess | toxcitiy = most toxic of vitamins. causes calcium deposits in soft tissues, forms stones, vomiting, diarrhea, growth failure, kidney stones
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| Vitamin D Sources | sunlight, fortified dairy, fish - salmon and shrimp.
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| Vitamin E Sources | Vegetable oils, green leafy veg, milk, eggs, meats
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| Vitamin E Excess | toxicity - in excess of 400 units/day. interferes with blood clotting, prolonged prothrombin time, intestinal irritability
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| Vitamin E Deficiency | rare increased hemolysis of RBC's, macrocytic anemia in infants
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| Vitamin K Deficiency | rare but possible, if on antibotics (kills intestionlorg) hemorrhagic diseases of the newborn, prolonged clotting time in adults
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| Vitamin K Excess | toxicity - rare, interfers with anticloting meds. hyperbilirubinemia in infants, vomiting in adults
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| Vitamin K Sources | Green leafy veg,liver,milk,eggs
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| Vitamin C Excess | causes kidney stones, UTI, counteract anticogulant drugs, iron overload. Toxicity >2000mg abdonminal cramps, nausea, diarrhea
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| Vitamin C Deficiency | Scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, bruising, bone fragility and softening, joint pain. Increasd need due to stress, smoking, infection, burns/trauma, surgery
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| Vitamin C Sources | citrus, potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries
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| Vitamin K Functions | Fat Soluable. Essential for blood clooting. Conditions may enhance need.
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| Vitamin C Functions | Water Soluable. Antioxidant, collagen formation, wound healing, strong capilaries - prevent brusing, supports immune system (resists infection) assists in absorption of iron, may play role in heart diesease.
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| Phosphorus (P) Functions | major mineral. 85% in bones and teeth w/ calcium, RNA-DNA = all growth, energy transfer, buffer system, acid-base balance) essential metabolism of protien.
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| Phosphorus Sources | animal protiens, grains, soft drinks, processed foods.
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| Phosphorus Deficiency | unknown
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| Phosphorus Excess | increased execretion of calcium
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| Fat Soluable Vitamins | Vitamins that are mostly absorbed by other lipids. They can accumulate in the body causing toxicty or hypervitaminosis. The are not normally excreated in the urine
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| Hypervitaminosis | An adnormal conidtion resulting from excessive intake of toxic amounts of one or more vitamins, especially of a long period of time.
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| Hypovitaminosis | A condition that occurs because of a deficiency of one or more vitamins.
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| Water Soluable Vitamins | Are componenets of essential enzyme systems. The body will use what it needs and then flush the rest typically through urine.
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| Minerals | Inorganic substances occuring naturally in the earths crust that the body needs to help build and maintain body tissues for life functions. They are divided into major and trace elements.
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| Major Minerals | those mineral requiring intake of more than 100mg/day
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| Trace Elements | minerals that occure in very small amounts in the body and require less than 100mg/day intake
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| Iron (Fe)Function | trace mineral. essesntial for the synthesis of hemoglobin and myglobin, plays a major role in the transfer of oxgen to body tissues.
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| Iron Deficiency | due to blood loss, poor intake. Symptoms fatigue, pallor, apathy, poor tolerance to cold, pica, (woman fo child bearing age, low income, adolescense) Decreased absorption with gastric acid, high intake of plant fiber, tea or coffee.
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| Iron Excess | Iron overload = hemochomolias) gentic risk, alcholo abuse, damage to digestive track.
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| Iron Sources | animal protein. Increased absorption with vitamin c.
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| Fluroide (F)Function | tace mineral. helps prevent tooth decay, ostporosis and gum disease
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| Fluroide Sources | fish, tea, drink water
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| Fluroide Excess | mottled teeth
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| Potassium (K+)Function | major mineral. major electrolyte helps regulate neuromuscular excitability and muscle contraction. Inside body cells. Keeps heart beat steady. May prevent of correct high BP.
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| Potassium Excess | Toxicity from nonfood supplements, can stop heartbeat
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| Potassium Deficiency | from excessive losses, vomiting, diareha, diuretics, muscle weakness, heart failure.
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| Potassium Sources | fruits, veggies, bananas, oranges
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| Calcium (Ca)Function | major mineral.the most abundant mineral in the body is present mainly in the bones and is required for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contractions, blood coagulation, and cardiac functions. Daily requirements 800-1200mg.
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| Calcium Sources | Absorption enchanced by vit D, acid, lactose. Diary fortfied, OJ, almonds, canned fish, greens.
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| Calcium Deficiency | Osteoporosis, absorbition decreased by plant fbers. Excretion maybe increased by excess protien and sodium.
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| Sodium (Na)Function | major mineral.involved in acid base balance, water balance, transimission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscle.
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| Sodium Deficiency | unlikely, no RDA
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| Sodium Excess | hypertension
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| Sodium Sources | salt, milk, veg, processed foods, snacks, pickles, and olives
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| Magnesium (Mg) Function | major mineral.important to the function of may enzyme systems, helps build strong bones and teeth and regulates heartbeat. Helps relax muscles after contractions, utilized for seizures and constipation.
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| Magnesium Deficiency | Vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, protien malnutriention, severe tetany (painful muscle contraction). Hallucinations during alcohol w/drawl. Deficiency common in US. Intake w/heart disease
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| Magnesium Source | dark green, leafy veg, nuts and seeds, seafood, wholegrains, hardwater, chocolate.
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| Copper (Cu)Function | trace mineral. is a component of serveral enzymes and is essential to good health. aids in absorption and use of iron. High intake of vit c can interfere with copper absorption. Elevated in some cancers.
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| Copper Source | whole grains, seafood, nuts/seeds
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| Zinc (Zn) Function | trace mineral.essential for several enzymes, growth, glucose tolerance, wound healing and tast acuity.
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| Zinc Source | shellfish, meat, milk, eggs
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| Zinc Excess | vomiting, diarhea, fever, exhaustion, copper deficiency, death
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| Chromium Function | trace mineral.works with insulin to hormalize BS. used to lower cholesterol.
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| Chromium Dificiency | impaired glucose tolerance, elevated BS, coronary atery disease. Toxicity - ulcers, kidney and liver damage
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| Chromium Source | oysters, meats, whole grains, cheese, unprocessed foods, yeast
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| Iodine (I) Function | trace mineral. micronutrient of the thyroid hormone, metabolic rate.
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| Iodine Deficiency | goter, enlarged thyroid gland, sluggishness, weight gain, in pregancy may cause mental and physical retardation
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| Iodine Source | Seafood, iodized salt
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| Selenium Function | Works with Vit E to protect cells from oxidation. protects liver heart agaisnt some tumor formation
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| Selenium Deficiency | associated with heart diesease and cancers. liver and pancrease, high cholesteral
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| Selenium Source | low fat meat and shellfish, vegs, grains,diary, legumens.
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