NPTE Neuromuscular
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| Ventriculography | XR of skull after inj of air into lateral ventricles, to localize tumors or check for ICP
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| Myelography | Spine XR after air/dye injection into subarachnoid space.
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| Cerebral angiography | XR of skull after inj of dye into carotids/vert arteries.
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| Computed Tomography CT | narrow XR beens transmitted to get cross sections of brain that are visualized in 3D. tumor, calcifications, changes in tissue density such as bleeding
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| MRI | magnetic field that produces 3D imaging. Soft tissue and blood flow, bone poorely imaged
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| PET | radioisotopes inhaled/injected. Physiologic mapping for cerebral blood flow, metabolism
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) | electrical activity of brain. Structural disease, seizures, localization of lesions.
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| Evoked potentials/Evoked responses | external stimuli used to evoke potentials in brain. Conduction times
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| Echoencephalogram | reflected US waves recorded – imaging of carotid, flow, detection of plaques, midline shifts
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| Lumbar Puncture | CSF analysis, below L1-L2
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| EMG | detects electrical activity in muscles
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| Fibrillation | spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibers on EMG. Denervation for 1-3wk after losing nerve
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| Fasciculations | spontaneous contractions of all or most of the fibers in a motor unit, visible muscle twitch. Present with LMN disorders and denervation
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| Complete LMN lesions show on EMG | only fibrillation
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| Partial LMN lesions show on EMG | fibrillation and fasciculations
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| Nerve conduction Velocity NCV | stimulation of peripheral nerves to determine NCV
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| Decreased NCV seen in | peripheral neuropathies with demyelination –GBS, chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy, CMT
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