Terms for chapter 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| atom | smallest basic unit of matter
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| element | substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means
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| compound | substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio
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| Ion | atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
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| ionic bond | chemical bond formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions
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| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds; not necessarily a compound
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| hydrogen bond | attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom
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| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance
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| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances
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| solution | mixture that is consistent throughout; also called a homogeneous mixture
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| solvent | substance in which solutes dissolve and that is present in the greatest concentration in a solution
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| solute | substance that dissolves in a solvent and that is present at a lower concentration than the solvent
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| acid | compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution
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| base | compound that accepts a proton (H+) when dissolved in solution
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| pH | measurement of acidity; related to free hydrogen ion concentration in solution
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| monomer | molecular subunit of a polymer
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| polymer | large carbon-based molecule formed by monomers
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| carbohydrate | molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches
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| lipid | nonpolar molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils
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| fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid
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| protein | polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids
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| amino acid | molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
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| nucleic acid | polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms
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| chemical reaction | process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds
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| reactant | substance that is changed by a chemical reaction
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| product | substance formed by a chemical reaction
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| bond energy | amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms
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| equilibrium | condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate
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| activation energy | Energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction.
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| exothermic | chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat
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| endothermic | chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy
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| catalyst | substance that decreases substance activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction
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| enzyme | protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms
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| substrate | reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts
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