Ch 2: Essential Chemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H1) concentration in a solution.
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| Aqueous solution | A solution in which water is the solvent.
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| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
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| Atomic number | The number of protons in each atom of a particular element.
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| Base | A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H1) concentration in a solution.
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| Buffer | A chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions.
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| Chemical Bond | An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
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| Chemical reaction | A process leading to chemical changes in matter, involving the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.
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| Cohesion | The attraction between molecules of the same kind.
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| Compound | A substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio; for example, table salt (NaCl) consists of one atom of the element sodium (Na) for every atom of chlorine (Cl).
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| Covalent bond | An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
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| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.
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| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means. Scientists recognize 92 chemical elements occurring in nature.
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| Evaporative cooling | A property of water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it.
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| Heat | The amount of kinetic energy contained in the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.
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| Hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule).
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| Ion | An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring an electrical charge.
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| Ionic bond | An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together.
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| Isotope | A variant form of an atom. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
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| Mass | A measure of the amount of material in an object.
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| Mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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| Molecule | A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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| Neutron | An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Nucleus | (plural, nuclei) (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.
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| PH scale | A measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). pH stands for potential hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H1).
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| Polar molecule | A molecule containing polar covalent bonds (having opposite charges on opposite ends).
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| Products | An ending material in a chemical reaction.
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| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Radioactive isotope | An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
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| Reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction.
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| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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| Solution | A liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances: a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a substance that is dissolved, the solute.
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| Solvent | The dissolving agent in a solution. Water is the most versatile known solvent.
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| Temperature | A measure of the intensity of heat, reflecting the average kinetic energy or speed of molecules.
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| Trace element | An element that is essential for the survival of an organism but is needed in only minute quantities.
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