Language Disorders Part One
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| when do first words appear? | around 12 months.
first words with intentional meaning around this time.
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| when does vocabulary explosion happen? | 18-20 months.
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| during what time is most of morphology developed? | between the ages of 3 and 5.
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| three of the most abnormally developing children: | - downs syndrome
- SLI children
- williams syndrome children
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| where is DNA stored? | in chromosomes!
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| humans have how many chromosomes and how many pairs? | 46 chromosomes
23 pairs.
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| female/ male chromosomes | female: xx
male: xy
x chromosomes very large, y very small.
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| what are genes made up off? | sequences of amino acids that occur on chromosomes.
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| genes give instructions for making what? | proteins!
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| how many genes in the human genome? | ~35k.
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| phenylketonuria (PKU) | baby cant metabolize certain proteins which build up to toxic levels causing mental retardation and death.
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| how are alleles created? | when a DNA mutation is passed onto the next generation. it leads to alleles (variants) of the affected genes.
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| how does a linkage study start? | starts with a SET of syblings in which atleast two have the target disorder.
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| what three things do twin studies assess? | ACE Model. (sometimes HCE)
-Additive Genetics (or H heretability)
-Common Environment
-Unique Environment
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| how frequent is autism? in males versus females? | 1 in 150 births.
4x as common in males.
(actually highly intelligent females).
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| which areas does autism affect? | communication
social
and repetative restricted behavior.
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| what areas does aspergers affect? | social
restrictive repetative behavior
no communication problem.
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| what areas does PDD and NOS effect? | a little bit of everything but not eough to be aspergers or autism.
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| what are the two primary challanges of social communication for people with autism spectrum disorders? | 1) joint attention
2) understanding symbols.
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| what genes have been known to cause autism? | 2, 3, 7, 15, x.
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| risk of reoccurance of autism in syblings? in all autism spectrum disorders? | 3-5% for autism.
up to 10% for spectrum.
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| how often in autistic spectrum people are the genetic reasons unknown? | 65-75 percent.
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| how often do seizures in autistic people occur? | 33 percent.
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| what is the main difference between dyslexia and SLI? | SLI includes both comprehension AND production, while dyslexia is mainly comprehenision.
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| how low does comphrehension have to be in order for it be considered an LI? | less then 80 percent.
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| 5 causes of SLI | 1. bad auditory processing (cant tell between sounbds and words, slow)
2. bad phonological processing.
3. bad working memory, esp. phonological (verb batum) memory
4.bad linguistic processing ability
5.cognitive processing defecits.
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| three subtypes of SLI | 1. apraxic (frontal love damage)
2. phonological (like tones, takes em longer)
3. grammatical (10-20 percent, especially pronominal refrence "you, me, she" thjings that are variable.
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| 3 brain differences in SLI | 1. smaller then normal right hemisphere
2. smaller left brocas area, or deforemed.
3. same sized language hemispheres, left wasnt bigger.
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| what two neurological findings predict the severity of SLI? | 1. fine motor movement
2. abnormal motor reflexes.
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| what did MRIs of SLI patints point out? | enlarged ventricles and hyperintensities (bright white spots in the white matter).
large butterfly gaps (caused by enlarged ventirciles) mean there is less white mattere, therefore less connections.
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| MRI proved taht which part of the brain affected in SLI patients? | middle temporal gyrus (grammar)
brocas area (speech creation)
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| what two chromosomes are likely to cause SLI? | 16 and 19.
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| what gene is supposed to cause apraxia? | fox p2 on chromosome 7
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| how hereditiable are reading problerms? | 44-77 percent.
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