Soil
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| Site Work | usually performed by professionals
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| Legal History | Title search Usually performed by a professional such as an attorney or title search agency
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| Legal History | Check to see that no outstanding liens are held against the property;All previous title transfers correctly recorded; Zoning status ;Master plan for the local municipality
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| Legal History | Transportation plans;Property zoning setback requirements Easements;Future plans for the land and surrounding areas and Boundaries
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| Physical Characteristics | General topography of the property which impact site development costs;Existing utilities (above ground, utility boxes) Neighborhood demographics and characteristics;Drainage
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| Physical Characteristics | Soil conditions composition of the soils;Compaction test results Geology of the area
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| Consolidation | Means the removal of water-filled porosity; For most engineering purposes, the denser a soil is the better its load-bearing capacity; To make a soil more dense requires removing as much of the porosity as possible.
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| Soil compaction | Removal of air-filled porosity
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| Soil mechanics | Deals with soil response to physical stress; Stress may be weight of a building, vehicle traffic, or various other forces; Various classification systems have been devised to evaluate soil suitability for engineering purposes.
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| Soil consistency | Refers to the soil's response to stress
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| Stress | Pressure applied to the soil; In physics, pressure is force per area; Force applied to soil is normally weight.
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| Strain | The response to stress
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| Yield point | Point at which a material fails (deformability and firmness of a soil); Often plotted as a function of stress by engineers.
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| Soil Classification Systems | (1) a grain-size distribution curve (or gradation curve), and (2) the Atterberg limits (or soil consistency). The grain-size analysis can be either mechanical or with a hydrometer analysis.
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| Most widely used classification systems | Unified Soil Classification System (USCS); American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
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| Triangular soil classification | U.S. Department of Agriculture developed a grain size classification system that names soils depending on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay.
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| Atterberg Limits | System used to describe the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit of a soil. ;As water is added to a dry soil, the soil changes from solid to semi-solid to plastic to liquid.
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| Plastic limit | Moisture content in the soil at the threshold between semi-solid and plastic.Determined by rolling a thread of soil on a glass plate until the 1/8-inch diameter thread begins to crumble ;Explained in ASTM procedure D-4318
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| Liquid limit | Moisture content in the soil at the threshold between plastic and liquid ;Determined by forming a groove in a dish of soil and impacting the dish until the groove closes ;Done following the ASTM procedure D-4318
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| Large liquid limit | indicates high compressibility and high shrink swell tendencies
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| Plasticity index (P) | Range of moisture content in which the soil remains plastic (Higher the PI rating, the greater the shrink-swell potential); Determined by subtracting the plastic limit from the liquid limit
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| Shrinkage limit | Water content, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dried soil, at which further loss in moisture will not cause a decrease in its volume
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| AASHTO classification system | American Association of State Highway Officials classification system identifies soils based on there suitability for highway subgrade use ;Uses a variety of index parameters to classify soil
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| Soil Classification Group A | Has a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet ;Consists mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands ;Has a high rate of water transmission.
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| Soil Classification Group B | Has a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet ;Consists chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture ;Has a moderate rate of water transmission
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| Soil Classification Group C | Has a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet:Consists chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture ;Has a slow rate of water transmission.
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| Soil Classification Group D | Very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when saturated. ;Clays that have a high shrink-swell potential;Soils that have a permanent high water table;
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| Soil Classification Group D | Very slow infiltration rate ;Soils that have a clay layer at or near the surface;Soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.;Has a very slow rate of water transmission.
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| G | Gravel
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| S | Sand
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| M | Silt
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| C | Clay
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| O | Organic
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| PT | Peat
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| W | Well graded
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| P | Poorly graded
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| L | Low liquid limit compressibility; lean (clay);Low liquid limit; (silts); plasticity
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| H | High liquid limit, compressibility; fat (clays)
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| Soils | Soil characteristics are determined from test results, records, field experience and state and local specialists.
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| Bedrock | General term for solid rock that lies beneath soil, loose sediments, or other unconsolidated material; Best foundation for a building.
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| Boulder | Rock that can only be lifted with two hands or equipment
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| Cobble | Rock that you can pick up with one hand
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| Loam | Mixture of two or more soil ingredients
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| Soil | Any particulate; Sediments or other accumulations of solid particles produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rocks; Usually found on top of the parent rock formation; Classified by the grain size distribution of the particles.
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| Coarse grained soils | Grains large enough to be seen
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| Gravel | Can be picked up with thumb and forefinger
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| Sand | Particles large enough to be seen but too small to be picked up individually; Coarse soil with little or no fine particles (5 mm to 0.010 mm)
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| Fine grained soils | Grains too small to be seen; Cohesive in nature; Tends to compress
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| Silt | Finer than sands, but coarser than clays; Slightly finer material is classified as (0.010 mm to 0.005 mm)
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| Clay | Consist of microscopic flake
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| Cohesive Soils | Able to maintain measurable shear force in the absence of confining forces
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| Frictional Or Cohesionless Soils | Shear capacity is directly proportional to the confining force
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| Peat And Other Organic Soils | Unsuitable
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| High Plasticity Clays | With actual soil samples to verify that construction work may proceed safely
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Created by:
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