Postural Control
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| Posture | Biomechanical alignment of the body.
Orientation of the body to the environment
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| Postural Orientation | Vertical for most fx tasks
Active control of body alignment and tone with respect to gravity, support surface, visual environment, and internal references
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| Postural Control | Complex motor skill based on the interaction of multiple dynamic sensorimotor processes
involves controlling the position in space for the dual purpose of stability and orientation
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| Spatial Orientation | Based on the interpretation of convergent sensory info from somatosensory, vestibular and visual systems
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| Postural Stability | Coordination of sensorimotor strategies to stabilize the body's COM during self-initiated and externally triggered disturbances in postural stability
ability to control the COM over the BOS
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| Postural Control: Cognitive Influences | Anticipatory Postural control and Adaptive postural control
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| Anticipatory Postural control | pretune sensory and motor systems for postural demand based on previous experience
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| Adaptive Postural Control | Modification of the sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands
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| Postural Control: Cognitive influences has 3 components | Attention, Motivation, Intent
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| Postural Control: Systems Approach | complex interactions among many bodily systems to control both orientation and stability of the body
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| Postural Control: Systems Approach organization | Functional task and environment
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| Steady-State balance control | ability to control the COM relative to the BOS
predictable, non-changing conditions
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| Movement Strategies | Stability limits, Ankle strategy, hip strategy
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| Stability limits | Point at which a person will change the arrangement of their BOS to achieve stability. Impacted by cognitive, perceptual and nature of task
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| Ankle Strategy | Used when perturbations in equilibrium are small. requires intact ROM and strength in the ankles. Leg and trunk segments move as a single unit
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| Hip Strategy | Used to restore equilibrium in response to larger faster perturbations. Controls motion of the COM by producing large and rapid motions at the hip joint; antiphase rotations at the ankle. Leg and trunk segments move out of phase
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| Reactive Balance Control | Ability to recover a stable position following a perturbation. Relies on feed back mechanisms, occurring in response to sensory feedback
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| Reactive Control Motor Patterns | Fixed Support
Change in Support
Reach to grasp
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| Proactive / Anticipatory Balance Control | Ability to activate muscles in the legs and trunk for balance control in advance of potentially destabilizing voluntary movements
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| Proactive Balance Control parameters | Force is preprogrammed based on anticipation of what the task requires
Anticipatory postural muscle activation is critical
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| Environmental Constraints | Changes in support surfaces
Differences in visual and surface conditions
Multi-tasking
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| Sensory/Perception Systems | Visual Inputs
Somatosensory Inputs
Vestibular Inputs
Sensory Reweighting
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| Visual Inputs | provides info about head position and motion with respect to surrounding objects
Not always accurate
important when using change in support strategies
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| Somatosensory Inputs | Provides CNS with position and motion info about the body in relation to supporting surfaces
not helpful with moving surfaces or surfaces that are not horizontal
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| Vestibular Inputs | Provides CNS with info about the position and movement of the head in relation to gravity and inertial forces
important in proactive balance - provide info about the task and environemnt
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| Sensory Reweighting | Reliance on one sensory system for postural control increase while at the same time reliance on another sensory system decrease
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| Postural Impairments: Steady-State Balance | Inability to assume and maintain a stable position. use of arms for support and balance which limits use of UE for functional tasks
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| Postural Impairment: Alignment | Determines the effort required to support the body against gravity.
Influences how muscles are recruited and coordinated for recovery of stability
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brose020
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