NPTE Research & EBP
Help!
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| Independent variable | factor believed to bring about change in dependent variable. CAUSE or TREATMENT
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| Dependent variable | change that results from the intervention (independent variable) OUTCOME
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| Research/directional hypothesis | predicts expected relationship between variables
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| Null hypothesis | states that no relationship exists between the variables. relationship found result of chance or sampling error
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| Null hypothesis accepted | no significant difference observed
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| Null hypothesis rejected | Signif difference was observed
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| Nominal data | two or more mutually exclusive categories. male/female, tall/short
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| Ordinal data | classifies and ranks in terms of the degree they possess a common characteristic. NOT equal intervals. GPA, MMT.
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| Interval data | Ranks on predetermined EQUAL INTERVALS. NO true ZERO. IQ, F/C temp
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| Ratio data | ranks based on EQUAL INTERVALS and TRUE ZERO POINT. most precise level of measurement. Goni, weight, force.
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| Random sampling | all individuals in popn have equal chance of being chosen
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| Systematic sampliing | selected from a popn by specified intervals
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| Stratified sampling | Selected from a popn from identified subgroups (height, weight)
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| Double blind study | subject & investigator not aware of group assignment
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| Effect size | size of difference between sample means. Allows for a statistical test to find a difference when one really does exist.
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| Generalizability | the degree to which findings apply to an entire popn
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| Gold Standard | instrument with established validity that can be used as a standard fro assessing other instruments
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| Informed consent includes: | info about general nature of study, any risks, what will be done to minimize risks, possible benefits, ethical disclosure.
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| Control group | group resembling experiemental group that does not receive treatment
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| Intervening variable | variable that alters the relationship between IND and DEP variables
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| Validity | degree to which something accurately measures what it is supposed to
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| Internal validity | degree observed differences in DEP variable are result of IND variable and not some other variable
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| External Validity | Degree results are generalizable to popn or to environmental settings outside of study
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| Face Validity | assumption of validity based on appearance of an instrument, psychometrically unsound
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| Content validity | degree the instrument measures an intended content area - requires item & sampling validity
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| Concurrent validity | degree scores on one test are related to scores on another criterion test, usu gold standard
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| Predictive validity | degree test can predict future performance
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| Construct validity | degree test measures an intended hypothetical abstract concept ( non-observable behaviors or ideas)
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| Sampling bias | sampling error - sample of convenience, instead of randome selection
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| Learning effect | pretest influences scores on post test
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| experimenter bias | expectations of investigator influence results
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| Hawthorne effect | subject's knowledge of participation in experiment influences results
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| Placebo effect | subjects respond to a sham with positive effects
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| Reliability | Degree a test consistently measures what it is intended to
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| Interrater reliability | consistency of multiple raters
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| Intrarater reliabilatiy | Individual's consistency in rating
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| Test-retest reliability | scores on test are stable or consistent over time, measure of instrument stability.
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| Split half reliability | degree of agreement when test split in half. measure of internal consistency of an instrument
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| Sensitivity | correctly IDs TRUE POSITIVE
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| Specificity | correctly IDs TRUE NEGATIVE
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| Predictive Value | ability to estimate the likelihood that person will test positive or negative for a condition
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| Independent variable | factor believed to bring about change in dependent variable. CAUSE or TREATMENT
🗑
|
||||
| Dependent variable | change that results from the intervention (independent variable) OUTCOME
🗑
|
||||
| Research/directional hypothesis | predicts expected relationship between variables
🗑
|
||||
| Null hypothesis | states that no relationship exists between the variables. relationship found result of chance or sampling error
🗑
|
||||
| Null hypothesis accepted | no significant difference observed
🗑
|
||||
| Null hypothesis rejected | Signif difference was observed
🗑
|
||||
| Nominal data | two or more mutually exclusive categories. male/female, tall/short
🗑
|
||||
| Ordinal data | classifies and ranks in terms of the degree they possess a common characteristic. NOT equal intervals. GPA, MMT.
🗑
|
||||
| Interval data | Ranks on predetermined EQUAL INTERVALS. NO true ZERO. IQ, F/C temp
🗑
|
||||
| Ratio data | ranks based on EQUAL INTERVALS and TRUE ZERO POINT. most precise level of measurement. Goni, weight, force.
🗑
|
||||
| Random sampling | all individuals in popn have equal chance of being chosen
🗑
|
||||
| Systematic sampliing | selected from a popn by specified intervals
🗑
|
||||
| Stratified sampling | Selected from a popn from identified subgroups (height, weight)
🗑
|
||||
| Double blind study | subject & investigator not aware of group assignment
🗑
|
||||
| Effect size | size of difference between sample means. Allows for a statistical test to find a difference when one really does exist.
🗑
|
||||
| Generalizability | the degree to which findings apply to an entire popn
🗑
|
||||
| Gold Standard | instrument with established validity that can be used as a standard fro assessing other instruments
🗑
|
||||
| Informed consent includes: | info about general nature of study, any risks, what will be done to minimize risks, possible benefits, ethical disclosure.
🗑
|
||||
| Control group | group resembling experiemental group that does not receive treatment
🗑
|
||||
| Intervening variable | variable that alters the relationship between IND and DEP variables
🗑
|
||||
| Validity | degree to which something accurately measures what it is supposed to
🗑
|
||||
| Internal validity | degree observed differences in DEP variable are result of IND variable and not some other variable
🗑
|
||||
| External Validity | Degree results are generalizable to popn or to environmental settings outside of study
🗑
|
||||
| Face Validity | assumption of validity based on appearance of an instrument, psychometrically unsound
🗑
|
||||
| Content validity | degree the instrument measures an intended content area - requires item & sampling validity
🗑
|
||||
| Concurrent validity | degree scores on one test are related to scores on another criterion test, usu gold standard
🗑
|
||||
| Predictive validity | degree test can predict future performance
🗑
|
||||
| Construct validity | degree test measures an intended hypothetical abstract concept ( non-observable behaviors or ideas)
🗑
|
||||
| Sampling bias | sampling error - sample of convenience, instead of randome selection
🗑
|
||||
| Learning effect | pretest influences scores on post test
🗑
|
||||
| experimenter bias | expectations of investigator influence results
🗑
|
||||
| Hawthorne effect | subject's knowledge of participation in experiment influences results
🗑
|
||||
| Placebo effect | subjects respond to a sham with positive effects
🗑
|
||||
| Reliability | Degree a test consistently measures what it is intended to
🗑
|
||||
| Interrater reliability | consistency of multiple raters
🗑
|
||||
| Intrarater reliabilatiy | Individual's consistency in rating
🗑
|
||||
| Test-retest reliability | scores on test are stable or consistent over time, measure of instrument stability.
🗑
|
||||
| Split half reliability | degree of agreement when test split in half. measure of internal consistency of an instrument
🗑
|
||||
| Sensitivity | correctly IDs TRUE POSITIVE
🗑
|
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| Specificity | correctly IDs TRUE NEGATIVE
🗑
|
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| Predictive Value | ability to estimate the likelihood that person will test positive or negative for a condition
🗑
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