PT Assessment Exam 1
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| What are the four vital life functions? List by order of priority | 1. Ventilation, 2. Oxygenation, 3. Circulation, 4. Perfusion
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| What is the most common cause of Jugular Vein Distention in COPD patients? | Right heart failure (cor pulmonale)
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| What is capillary refill used to assess? | Peripheral circulation
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| What causes barrel chest? | Chronic air trapping
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| What is the normal AP diameter ratio? | 1:2
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| What is the AP ratio for a barrel chest patient? | 1:1
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| Increased depth of breathing | Hyperpnea
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| Normal breathing | Eupnea
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| RR>20 | Tachypnea
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| Fast, deep respirations with abrupt pauses | Biot's
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| Breathing gradually increases then decreases in rate and depth, followed by period of apnea | Cheyne-Stokes
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| Cessation of breathing | Apnea
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| Increased rate and depth of breathing; usually associated with diabetic ketoacidosis | Kussmaul's
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| Deep, gasping inspiration with brief, partial expiration | Apneustic
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| Decreased depth of breathing | Hypopnea
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| RR<12 | Bradypnea
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| An infant shows signs of nasal flaring, grunting, and has intercostal retractions. What does this indicate? | Respiratory distress
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| What are the primary muscles of ventilation? | Diaphragm and External Intercostals
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| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? | Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius
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| What are the accessory muscles of expiration? | Internal Intercostals, Rectus Abdominal, Transversus Abdominals, Obliques (External and Internal)
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| What muscle(s) is/are used for passive expiration? | None
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| Thick sputum | Viscous
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| Hemoptysis | Bright red
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| Clear and translucent sputum | Normal
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| Pulmonary edema | Pink and frothy
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| Mucus with pus (clear with yellow) | Mucopurulent
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| Foul smelling sputum | Fetid
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Green, foul smelling
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| Old blood in sputum | Brown/ dark
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| WBCs in sputum, bacterial infection | Yellow
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| Clear and thick sputum | Mucoid
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| Stagnant sputum or gram negative bacteria | Green
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| Klebsiella pneumonia | Red, jelly like
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| Stick, adhesive sputum | Tenacious
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| Sputum containing pus | Purulent
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| Creaking leather sound caused by pleuritis | Pleural friction rub
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| Vesicular sounds of low intensity in the lung periphery | Diminished
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| Associated with atelectasis or secretions in the peripheral airways | Crackles (rales)
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| Normally heard over the mainstem bronchi | Bronchovesicular
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| Hollow, tubular sound heard mainly over the trachea | Bronchial (Tracheal)
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| High pitched, continuous sounds with a musical quality heard on inspiration and/or expiration; caused by bronchoconstriction | Wheezing
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| Loud, high pitched crowing sound heard during inspiration caused by upper airway edema | Stridor
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| Rustling sound heard throughout lung periphery | Vesicular
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| Gurgling, bubbling sound caused by thick secretions in the large airways; usually clears with a cough | Rhonchi
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| List two causes of tachycardia | Hypoxemia, stress/ anxiety
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| List two causes of bradycardia | Heart failure, shock
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| List the normal breath sounds | Brachial, Vesicular, Bronchovesicular
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| List the adventitious breath sounds | Diminished, Crackles (rales), Rhonchi, Wheezing, Bronchial heard over lung periphery, Pleural friction rub, Stridor
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| At what point during the breath are fine crackles normally heard? | End of inspiration
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| List the common pulse sites and their locations | Radial (wrist, thumb side), Brachial (bend of the arm), Carotid (neck), Femoral (groin), Apical (chest)
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| What is the normal value for Potassium? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Bicarbonate? | 22-26 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Chloride? | 80-100 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for Sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| What is the normal value for RBCs? | 4-6 million/ mm3
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| What is the normal value for WBCs? | 5k-10k/ mm3
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| What is the normal value for Hemoglobin (Hgb)? | 12-16g/dL
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| What is the normal value for Hematocrit (Hct)? | 40-50%
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| What is the normal value for Platelets? | 150k-400k/ mm3
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| What is the normal value for SpO2? | 93-97%
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| What is the normal HR? | 60-100 BPM
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| What is the normal RR? | 12-20 BPM
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| What is the normal blood pressure? | 120/80 mmHg
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| What is the normal body temperature? | 37* C (98.6* F)
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| What type of chest pain is centrally located and constant? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is typically increased on inspiration? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pleuritis? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pneumothorax? | Pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pericardial inflammation? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Myocardial Infarction? | Non-pleuritic
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| What type of chest pain is associated with Pleural effusion? | Pleuritic
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| What conditions increase the intensity and clarity of vocal fermitus, as with bronchophony and whispered pectoriolquy? | Consolidation, pneumonia
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| In normal lungs, the phrase "ninety nine" or "blue moon" would sound | Muffled
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| In normal lungs, the phrase "1,2,3", when whispered would sound | Muffled
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| With egophany, what condition would change an "ee" sound to an "ay" sound, similar to bleating a goat? | Consolidation, pneumonia
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| What conditions would decrease vocal fremitus? | Obstructed bronchi, pneumothorax, emphysema
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| What conditions decrease tactile fremitus? | Large pleural effusion, large pneumothorax, hyperinflation (air trapping), atelectasis
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| What conditions increase tactile fremitus? | Pneumonia
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| Difficulty breathing while lying down | Orthopnea
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| General term for difficulty breathing | Dyspnea
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| Profuse sweating | Diaphoresis
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| Excess fluid in the tissues | Peripheral edema
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| Above normal body temp | Hyperthermia
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| Below normal body temp | Hypothermia
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| General run down feeling | Malaise
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| Enlargement of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes due to chronic hypoxemia | Digital clubbing
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| Unequal expansion of the chest | Asymmetrical
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| Both sides of the chest move evenly | Symmetrical
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| What percussion note would you hear over trapped gas in the lungs or in the pleural space? | Hyperresonance
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| What percussion note would you hear over normal lung tissue? | Resonance
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| What percussion note would you hear over atelectasis or consolidation? | Dullness
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| What percussion note would you hear over fluid in the pleural space? | Dullness
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| What type of cyanosis is seen in the nailbeds of the fingers and toes? | Peripheral
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| What type of cyanosis is seen in the oral mucosa and is urgent? | Central
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| Name three things that might cause an irregular pulse | Inadequate blood flow, inadequate O2 supply to the heart, electrolyte imbalance
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