Principles of Measurement
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| Construct validity | Extent to which an instrument or test measures an intended hypothetical concept or construct
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| Content validity | Extent to which an instrument or test measures an intended content area
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| Continuous variable | Variable that takes on an infinite number of different values presented on a continuum
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| Criterion-related validity | Extent to which an instrument or test measures a particular concept compared with a criterion
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| Cronbach's Alpha (coefficient alpha) | Widely used index of the extent to which a measuring instrument is internally stable
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| Dichotomous variable | A nominal variable that consists of 2 categories
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| Instrument | A device, piece of equipment, or paper-pencil test that measures a concept or variable of interest
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| Interval level of measurement | Level of measurement characterized by a constant unit of measurement or equal distances between points on a scale
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| Measurement | The assignment of numerical values to concepts according to well-defined rules
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| Nominal level of measurement | Lowest level of measurement, which consists of assignments numbers as labels for categories. These numbers have no numerical interpretation
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| Operational definition | A definition that assigns meaning to a variable and the terms or procedures by which the variable is to be measured
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| Ordinal level of measurement | Level of measurement that yields rank-ordered data
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| Predictive validity | The ability to predict future events, behaviors, or outcomes
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| Psychometric evaluation | Evaluating properties of reliability and validity in relation to instruments being used to measure a particular concept or construct
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| Ratio level of measurement | Highest level of measurement, characterized by equal distances between scores having an absolute zero point
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| Reliability | Value that refers to the consistency with which an instrument or test measures a particular concept. Different ways of assessing reliability include test-retest, internal consistency, and interrater
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| Test-retest reliability | An approach to reliability examining the extent to which scores are consistent over time
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| Validity | Value that refers to the accuracy with which an instrument or test measures what it is supposed to measure. Different types of validity include content, criterion, and construct
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