PTA EXAM FINAL PIECES
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| Tamponade | compression of heart due to increased fluid in paricardial sac
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| Asthenia | abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy; secondary to cerebellar pathology
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| Anemia | Decrease in RBC's/hemoglobin; increased fatigue and pallor
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| Leukemia | malignant, progressive disease; bone marrow produces immature or abnormal leukocytes; leads to anemia and decreased immune function
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| Dialysis Frequency | 3x per week for 4 hours
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| Blood Pressure Measurements | Normal - 120/80
Pre - 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 Hyper - 140-159/90-99
Stage 2Hyper - >160/>100
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| Serum Cholesterol | Total - <200 - desirable; >240 High
LDL - <100 optimal; >190 Very High
HDL - <40 low; >60 high
Triglycerides - <150 desirable; >500 Very High
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| Maceration | Softening of skin due to prolonged moisture
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| Clonus | Mm spasm involving repeated painful contractions precipitated by quick stretch; upper motor neuron lesion;
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| Akinesia | Inability to initiate movement; Parkinson's
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| Athetosis | involuntary movement combined with instability of posture; peripheral movement occurs without central involvement
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| Chorea | Movements that are sudden, random and involuntary
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| Dysmetria | Inability to control ROM and force of mm activity
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| Dystonia | similar to athetosis but involves larger axial mm's
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Inflammatory arthritis affecting vertebrae and large joints; decreased lordosis, increased kyphosis
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| Testing Vestibular System | Examine balance with movement of head; Dix Haulpike; bi-thermal caloric testing; nystagmus testing; head thrust sign (manual head turning); vestibuloocullar reflex (coordination of head/eye movement
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disorder; peripheral to central; effects synovial membranes
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| Ultrasound Indications | acute and post acute (non thermal); calcium deposits; chronic inflammation; delayed soft tissue healing; dermal ulcers; joint contracture; mm spasms; myofascial trigger points; pain; plantar warts; scar tissue; tissue regeneration
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| Ultrasound perimeters | Intensity - W/cm^2
Frequency - MHz
Duty cycle - %
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| NMES | Increases mm activity; helps with denervated mm
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| Functional Electrical Stimulation | Increases neuro-muscular activity during functional movement; electrodes place parallel to mm fibers; 1 over motor point; min 2 inches apart
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| Romberg Test | Used to diagnose sensory ataxia; feet together, arms across chest, eyes open and then closed; score is based on time with eyes closed
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| MET's | Metabolic Equivalent
Light <3
Moderate 3-6
Vigorous 7-10
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| TENS | -Acute and chronic pain management; conventional; acupuncture like; Brief intense; Noxious
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| Interferential Current | Biphasic; 2 leads; pain relief, circulation and mm stimulation; usually comfortable
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| Iontophoresis Meds - Positive | Copper Sulfate - Fungal infection
Lidocaine - Analgesia; inflammation
Magnesium Sulfate - mm spasms ischemia
Zinc oxide - healing, dermal ulcers, wounds
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| Iontophoresis Meds - Negative | Acetic acid - calcific deposits; myositis ossificans
Calcium chloride - scar tissue; keloids; mm spasms
Dexamethasone - inflammation
Iodine - scars, adhesive capsulitis
Salicylates - mm and joint pain; plantar warts
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| Left Cerebral Hemisphere Function | Language - understand it, produce written and spoken; sequence/performance of movement; analytical, controlled, logical, rational, mathematical calculations, express positive emotions, process verbally coded info; Broca's typically
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| Right Cerebral Hemisphere Function | Nonverbal processing; process info holistically, artistic, general concept comprehension, hand eye coordination, spatial relationships, kinesthetic awareness, understand music, mathematical reasoning, express negative emotions, body image/self awareness
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| Frontal Lobe Function | Voluntary movement; intellect; orientation; Broca's area - speech and concentration; personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive functions
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| Frontal Lobe Impairment | Contralateral weakness, perseveration, inattention, personality changes, antisocial, impaired concentration, apathy, Broca's aphasia (expressive deficits), delayed/poor initiation, emotional lability
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| Parietal Lobe Function | Associated with touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temp; receives info from other areas about hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory; provides meaning to objects, interprets language and words, spacial visual perception
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| Parietal Lobe Impairment | Dominant hemisphere (typically left) agraphia, alexia, agnosia; non dominant hemisphere dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia and anosognosia; contralateral sensory deficits; impaired language comprehension; impaired taste
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| Temporal Lobe Function | Primary auditory and olfaction processing; Wernicke's (typically left) - ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language; interpret others' emotions and reactions
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| Temporal Lobe Impairment | Learning deficits; Wernicke's (receptive aphasia), anti social/aggressive behavior; difficulty with facial recognition and memory; inability to categorize
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| Occipital Lobe Function | Visual info; colors, light ans shapes, judgement of distance; 3D
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| Occipital Lobe Impairment | Homonymous hemianopsia; Impaired eye mm movement; visual deficits; impaired color recognition; reading and writing impairments; cortical blindness
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| Thalamus | Relay/processing center for most info that goes to cerebrum; Coordinates sensory perception and movement except olfaction
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| Hypothalamus | Receives and integrates info from autonomic nervous system and regulates hormones; Controls hunger, thirst, sexuality, sleep; body temp; adrenals; pituitary, etc.
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| Subthalamus | Important for regulating skeletal mm movement
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| Epithalamus | AKA Pineal gland; Secretes melatonin; involved in circadian rhythms, internal clock, select motor pathways, and emotions
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| Cerebellum Function | Fine tuning of movement; Assists with maintaining posture and balance by mm tone and extremity positioning; controls repid alternating movements
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| Cerebellum Impairment | Ipsilateral impairments; ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, hypermetria, poor coordination, and deficits of postural reflexes, balance and equilibrium
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| Medulla Oblongata | Influences autonomic nervous activity; regulation of respiration and HR; reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing; contralateral motor impairments
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| Saltatory Conduction | action potential jumping from node to node; increases speed and decreases use of sodium/potassium pumps
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| A Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Large; myelinated; high conduction rate; alpha, beta, gamma and delta
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| B Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Medium size; Myelinated; reasonably fast conduction; pre ganglionic fibers of autonomic NS
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| C Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Small; poorly or un myelinated; slowed conductions; Post ganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS; exteroceptors for pain, temp and touch
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| Upper Motor Neuron Diseases (UMND) | Cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, ALS, CVA, birth injuries, MS, Huntington's, TBI, Pseudobulbar palsy; brain tumors
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| Lower Motor Neuron Diseases (LMND) | Poliomyelitis; ALS; Guillian Barre; spinal cord tumors, trauma, progressive mm atrophy, infection, Bell's palsy, carpal tunnel, mm dystrophy, spinal mm atrophy
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| UMND Characteristics | Weakness of involved mm's; hypertonicity; hyperreflexia; mild disuse atrophy; abnormal reflexes (injury occurs in lateral white column of spinal cord)
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| LMND Characteristics | Flaccidity or weakness of involved mm's; decreased tone; fasciculations; mm atrophy; decreased or absent reflexes
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| Fluent Aphasia | Often involves Temporal lobe, Wernicke's area or parietal lobe; Word and speech production are functional; prosody (vocal patterns) and acceptable but emptyspeech; lacks substance; word substitutions/nonsense
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| Non Fluent Aphasia | Often involves frontal lobe; poor word output and prosody; poor articulation; increased effort for speech
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| Broca's Aphasia | Frontal lobe lesion; non fluent; expressive; most common; in tact auditory and reading comprehension; impaired repetition and naming skills; frustration with errors; paraphasias; motor impairments
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| Wernicke's Aphasia | Temporal lobe lesion; fluent; receptive; Reading and auditory comprehension impaired; good articulation with use pf paraphasias; impaired writing and naming
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| Global Aphasia | Non fluent; Severe comprehension and reading impairment; impaired naming, writing and repetition; may involuntarily verbalize; may use non verbal skills for coms
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| Dysarthria | Motor disorder of speech; upper motor neuron lesion that affects the mm's that are used to articulate words and sounds; speech is slurred and may affect respiration
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| Brunnstrum Movement Therapy | 7 levels; works with limb synergies; worst to better
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| Constructional Apraxia | Inability to reproduce geometric shapes and signs
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| Ideational Apraxia | Inability to initiate motor plan/sequence where proprioceptive input is impaired
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| Ideomotor Apraxia | Automatic movement may occur but no conscious additional movement can occur
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| Perseveration | Uncontrolled repeating
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| Anterior Cord Syndrome | Incomplete lesion; Damage to anterior spinal cord or artery; usually occurs with cervical flexion; loss of motor function, pain and temp sense; damage to corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts
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| Brown Sequard's Syndrome | Incomplete lesion; paralysis, loss of vibratory and position sense ipsilaterally; loss of pain and temp sense contra laterally
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| Cauda Equina Injuries | Below L1; considered peripheral nerve injury; flaccidity, areflexia, impairment of bowel and bladder function
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| Central Cord Injuries | Incomplete lesion; compression and damage to central spinal cord; cervical hyperextension; Motor deficits in upper more than lower extremities
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| Posterior Cord Injuries | Rare; incomplete lesion; compression of posterior spinal artery; loss of proprioception, 2 point discrimination and sterognosis; motor funciton is preserved
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| ASIA Impairment Scale | A - Complete
B - Sensory incomplete
C - Motor Incomplete <3/5 MMT
D - Motor Incomplete >3/5 MMT
E - Normal
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| Ranchos Los Amigos Cognitive Function Scale | 8 levels; worse to better
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| Glasgow coma Scale | 3-15; 3 sections worth points; Worse to better
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| Agraphia | Inability to write; usually coupled with aphasia
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| Alexia | Inability to see words or write
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| Agnosia | Inability to interpret info
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| Anosognosia | Unawareness of illness
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| Hypermetria | Cerebellar damage; extremity movement beyond intended position
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| Hyperreflexia | Over active or over responsive reflex
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| Paraphasia | Words are jumbled and sentences are meaningless
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| Areflexia | Absence of reflexes
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| Hyperplasia | Enlargement of an organ, often as initial stages of cancer
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| Arterial Line is Used to | Measure BP
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