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PTA EXAM FINAL
PTA EXAM FINAL PIECES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tamponade | compression of heart due to increased fluid in paricardial sac |
| Asthenia | abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy; secondary to cerebellar pathology |
| Anemia | Decrease in RBC's/hemoglobin; increased fatigue and pallor |
| Leukemia | malignant, progressive disease; bone marrow produces immature or abnormal leukocytes; leads to anemia and decreased immune function |
| Dialysis Frequency | 3x per week for 4 hours |
| Blood Pressure Measurements | Normal - 120/80 Pre - 120-139/80-89 Stage 1 Hyper - 140-159/90-99 Stage 2Hyper - >160/>100 |
| Serum Cholesterol | Total - <200 - desirable; >240 High LDL - <100 optimal; >190 Very High HDL - <40 low; >60 high Triglycerides - <150 desirable; >500 Very High |
| Maceration | Softening of skin due to prolonged moisture |
| Clonus | Mm spasm involving repeated painful contractions precipitated by quick stretch; upper motor neuron lesion; |
| Akinesia | Inability to initiate movement; Parkinson's |
| Athetosis | involuntary movement combined with instability of posture; peripheral movement occurs without central involvement |
| Chorea | Movements that are sudden, random and involuntary |
| Dysmetria | Inability to control ROM and force of mm activity |
| Dystonia | similar to athetosis but involves larger axial mm's |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Inflammatory arthritis affecting vertebrae and large joints; decreased lordosis, increased kyphosis |
| Testing Vestibular System | Examine balance with movement of head; Dix Haulpike; bi-thermal caloric testing; nystagmus testing; head thrust sign (manual head turning); vestibuloocullar reflex (coordination of head/eye movement |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disorder; peripheral to central; effects synovial membranes |
| Ultrasound Indications | acute and post acute (non thermal); calcium deposits; chronic inflammation; delayed soft tissue healing; dermal ulcers; joint contracture; mm spasms; myofascial trigger points; pain; plantar warts; scar tissue; tissue regeneration |
| Ultrasound perimeters | Intensity - W/cm^2 Frequency - MHz Duty cycle - % |
| NMES | Increases mm activity; helps with denervated mm |
| Functional Electrical Stimulation | Increases neuro-muscular activity during functional movement; electrodes place parallel to mm fibers; 1 over motor point; min 2 inches apart |
| Romberg Test | Used to diagnose sensory ataxia; feet together, arms across chest, eyes open and then closed; score is based on time with eyes closed |
| MET's | Metabolic Equivalent Light <3 Moderate 3-6 Vigorous 7-10 |
| TENS | -Acute and chronic pain management; conventional; acupuncture like; Brief intense; Noxious |
| Interferential Current | Biphasic; 2 leads; pain relief, circulation and mm stimulation; usually comfortable |
| Iontophoresis Meds - Positive | Copper Sulfate - Fungal infection Lidocaine - Analgesia; inflammation Magnesium Sulfate - mm spasms ischemia Zinc oxide - healing, dermal ulcers, wounds |
| Iontophoresis Meds - Negative | Acetic acid - calcific deposits; myositis ossificans Calcium chloride - scar tissue; keloids; mm spasms Dexamethasone - inflammation Iodine - scars, adhesive capsulitis Salicylates - mm and joint pain; plantar warts |
| Left Cerebral Hemisphere Function | Language - understand it, produce written and spoken; sequence/performance of movement; analytical, controlled, logical, rational, mathematical calculations, express positive emotions, process verbally coded info; Broca's typically |
| Right Cerebral Hemisphere Function | Nonverbal processing; process info holistically, artistic, general concept comprehension, hand eye coordination, spatial relationships, kinesthetic awareness, understand music, mathematical reasoning, express negative emotions, body image/self awareness |
| Frontal Lobe Function | Voluntary movement; intellect; orientation; Broca's area - speech and concentration; personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive functions |
| Frontal Lobe Impairment | Contralateral weakness, perseveration, inattention, personality changes, antisocial, impaired concentration, apathy, Broca's aphasia (expressive deficits), delayed/poor initiation, emotional lability |
| Parietal Lobe Function | Associated with touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temp; receives info from other areas about hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory; provides meaning to objects, interprets language and words, spacial visual perception |
| Parietal Lobe Impairment | Dominant hemisphere (typically left) agraphia, alexia, agnosia; non dominant hemisphere dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia and anosognosia; contralateral sensory deficits; impaired language comprehension; impaired taste |
| Temporal Lobe Function | Primary auditory and olfaction processing; Wernicke's (typically left) - ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language; interpret others' emotions and reactions |
| Temporal Lobe Impairment | Learning deficits; Wernicke's (receptive aphasia), anti social/aggressive behavior; difficulty with facial recognition and memory; inability to categorize |
| Occipital Lobe Function | Visual info; colors, light ans shapes, judgement of distance; 3D |
| Occipital Lobe Impairment | Homonymous hemianopsia; Impaired eye mm movement; visual deficits; impaired color recognition; reading and writing impairments; cortical blindness |
| Thalamus | Relay/processing center for most info that goes to cerebrum; Coordinates sensory perception and movement except olfaction |
| Hypothalamus | Receives and integrates info from autonomic nervous system and regulates hormones; Controls hunger, thirst, sexuality, sleep; body temp; adrenals; pituitary, etc. |
| Subthalamus | Important for regulating skeletal mm movement |
| Epithalamus | AKA Pineal gland; Secretes melatonin; involved in circadian rhythms, internal clock, select motor pathways, and emotions |
| Cerebellum Function | Fine tuning of movement; Assists with maintaining posture and balance by mm tone and extremity positioning; controls repid alternating movements |
| Cerebellum Impairment | Ipsilateral impairments; ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, hypermetria, poor coordination, and deficits of postural reflexes, balance and equilibrium |
| Medulla Oblongata | Influences autonomic nervous activity; regulation of respiration and HR; reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing; contralateral motor impairments |
| Saltatory Conduction | action potential jumping from node to node; increases speed and decreases use of sodium/potassium pumps |
| A Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Large; myelinated; high conduction rate; alpha, beta, gamma and delta |
| B Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Medium size; Myelinated; reasonably fast conduction; pre ganglionic fibers of autonomic NS |
| C Peripheral Nerve Fibers | Small; poorly or un myelinated; slowed conductions; Post ganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS; exteroceptors for pain, temp and touch |
| Upper Motor Neuron Diseases (UMND) | Cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, ALS, CVA, birth injuries, MS, Huntington's, TBI, Pseudobulbar palsy; brain tumors |
| Lower Motor Neuron Diseases (LMND) | Poliomyelitis; ALS; Guillian Barre; spinal cord tumors, trauma, progressive mm atrophy, infection, Bell's palsy, carpal tunnel, mm dystrophy, spinal mm atrophy |
| UMND Characteristics | Weakness of involved mm's; hypertonicity; hyperreflexia; mild disuse atrophy; abnormal reflexes (injury occurs in lateral white column of spinal cord) |
| LMND Characteristics | Flaccidity or weakness of involved mm's; decreased tone; fasciculations; mm atrophy; decreased or absent reflexes |
| Fluent Aphasia | Often involves Temporal lobe, Wernicke's area or parietal lobe; Word and speech production are functional; prosody (vocal patterns) and acceptable but emptyspeech; lacks substance; word substitutions/nonsense |
| Non Fluent Aphasia | Often involves frontal lobe; poor word output and prosody; poor articulation; increased effort for speech |
| Broca's Aphasia | Frontal lobe lesion; non fluent; expressive; most common; in tact auditory and reading comprehension; impaired repetition and naming skills; frustration with errors; paraphasias; motor impairments |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | Temporal lobe lesion; fluent; receptive; Reading and auditory comprehension impaired; good articulation with use pf paraphasias; impaired writing and naming |
| Global Aphasia | Non fluent; Severe comprehension and reading impairment; impaired naming, writing and repetition; may involuntarily verbalize; may use non verbal skills for coms |
| Dysarthria | Motor disorder of speech; upper motor neuron lesion that affects the mm's that are used to articulate words and sounds; speech is slurred and may affect respiration |
| Brunnstrum Movement Therapy | 7 levels; works with limb synergies; worst to better |
| Constructional Apraxia | Inability to reproduce geometric shapes and signs |
| Ideational Apraxia | Inability to initiate motor plan/sequence where proprioceptive input is impaired |
| Ideomotor Apraxia | Automatic movement may occur but no conscious additional movement can occur |
| Perseveration | Uncontrolled repeating |
| Anterior Cord Syndrome | Incomplete lesion; Damage to anterior spinal cord or artery; usually occurs with cervical flexion; loss of motor function, pain and temp sense; damage to corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts |
| Brown Sequard's Syndrome | Incomplete lesion; paralysis, loss of vibratory and position sense ipsilaterally; loss of pain and temp sense contra laterally |
| Cauda Equina Injuries | Below L1; considered peripheral nerve injury; flaccidity, areflexia, impairment of bowel and bladder function |
| Central Cord Injuries | Incomplete lesion; compression and damage to central spinal cord; cervical hyperextension; Motor deficits in upper more than lower extremities |
| Posterior Cord Injuries | Rare; incomplete lesion; compression of posterior spinal artery; loss of proprioception, 2 point discrimination and sterognosis; motor funciton is preserved |
| ASIA Impairment Scale | A - Complete B - Sensory incomplete C - Motor Incomplete <3/5 MMT D - Motor Incomplete >3/5 MMT E - Normal |
| Ranchos Los Amigos Cognitive Function Scale | 8 levels; worse to better |
| Glasgow coma Scale | 3-15; 3 sections worth points; Worse to better |
| Agraphia | Inability to write; usually coupled with aphasia |
| Alexia | Inability to see words or write |
| Agnosia | Inability to interpret info |
| Anosognosia | Unawareness of illness |
| Hypermetria | Cerebellar damage; extremity movement beyond intended position |
| Hyperreflexia | Over active or over responsive reflex |
| Paraphasia | Words are jumbled and sentences are meaningless |
| Areflexia | Absence of reflexes |
| Hyperplasia | Enlargement of an organ, often as initial stages of cancer |
| Arterial Line is Used to | Measure BP |
Created by:
ashleighobrien
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