FA CVS Patho
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dx : Congenital heart disease associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. | Atrial septal defect
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus? | Indomethacin
🗑
|
||||
| List the most frequent to least frequent congenital diseases with left to right shunts. | VSD > ASD > PDA
🗑
|
||||
| What is Eisenmenger's syndrome? | Shunt reverses from L -> R to R -> L, due to increased pulmonary resistance.
🗑
|
||||
| Why do children squat in congenital heart disease with right to left shunts? | TO compress femoral arteries, hence increase systemic vascular resistance, and decrease the right to left shunts to direct more blood into lungs.
🗑
|
||||
| List the 4 features of Tetralogy of Fallot. | Pulmonary stenosis,
RVH,
Overiding of aorta,
VSD
🗑
|
||||
| Shape of the heart in Tetralogy of Fallot? | Boot shaped heart, due to RVH.
🗑
|
||||
| Cause of Tetralogy of Fallot. | Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum.
🗑
|
||||
| Cause of Transposition of great vessels? | Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral.
🗑
|
||||
| Location of aortic stenosis in infantile type coarctation of aorta and adult type coarctation of aorta? | Infantile = preductal
Adult = Postductal
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Systolic murmur, Notching of ribs, Hypertension in upper extremities and weak pulses in lower extremities. | Coarctation of Aorta
🗑
|
||||
| Main complication in Coarctation of Aorta? | Aortic regurgitation
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Continuous machine-like murmur | Patent Ductus Arteriosus
🗑
|
||||
| What mantains patency of Patent Ductus Arteriosus? | PGE2
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with 22q11 syndromes | Truncus arteriosus,
Tetralogy of Fallot
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with Down syndrome | ASD
VSD
AV septal defect
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with congenital Rubella | Septal defects,
PDA,
Pulmonary artery stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with Turner's syndrome | Coarctation of Aorta
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with Marfan's syndrome | Aortic regurgitation (late complication)
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital cardiac defect associated with offspring of diabetic mother | Transposition of great vessels
🗑
|
||||
| How does sodium contribute to the cause of hypertension? | Sodium increaases plasma volume, and increases vasoconstriction.
🗑
|
||||
| List the signs of Hyperlipidemia. | Atheromas, Xanthomas, Tendinous xanthoma, Corneal arcus
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Calcification in media of arteries, especially radial or ulnar. Does not obstruct blood flow. | Monckeberg Arteriosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Histology of small arteries in malignant hypertension. | Hyperplastic "onion skin"
🗑
|
||||
| Histology of small arteries in essential hypertension. | Hyaline thickening
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Tearing chest pain radiating to back. CXR shows mediastinal widening | Aortic disection
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Associated with cystic medial necrosis (component of Marfan's syndrome) | Aortic dissection
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Loss of upper extremity pulse. Tearing chest pain. | Aortic dissection
🗑
|
||||
| What is the common cause of death of Aortic dissection? | Cardiac tamponade, due to aortic rupture.
🗑
|
||||
| Name the chemokines involved in smooth muscle cell migration in Atherosclerosis. | PDGF
FGF-Beta
🗑
|
||||
| List 4 most common locations of atherosclerosis. | 1) Abdominal aorta
2) Coronary artery
3) Popliteal artery
4) Carotid artery
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Chest pain on exertion, ST depression | Stable angina
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Chest pain, ST elevation | Prinzmetal's angina
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Worsening chest pain, ST depression, thrombosis but no necrosis | Unstable angina
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Death from cardiac cause within 1 hour of onset of symptom. No thrombus in most cases. | Sudden cardiac death.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the cause of death in sudden cardiac death? | Ventricular fibrilation (lethal arrhythmia)
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Progressive onset of CHF. Myocardial tissue replaced with non-contractile scar tissue. | Chronic ischemic heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| Give examples of tissues with Red (hemorrhagic) tissues. | Liver
Lung
Intestine
and also following reperfusion
🗑
|
||||
| Give examples of tissues with Pale infarcts. | Heart,
Kidney,
Spleen
🗑
|
||||
| List the common coronary artery to get occluded. | 1) LAD
2) RCA
3) Circumflex
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Contraction bands. | 1-2 hours
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Early coagulative necrosis, beginning of neutrophil emigration | 4 hours
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Tissue surrounding infarct shows acute inflammation. | 2-4 days
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Hyperemia. | 2-4 days
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Hyperemic border with central yellow brown softening. | 5-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Dark mottling. Pale with tetrazolium stain. | First day
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Gray white | 7 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| Patient is at risk for what cardiac problems 2-4 days after MI? | Arrthymia
🗑
|
||||
| Patient is at risk for what cardiac problems 5-10 days after MI? | Free wall rupture,
Tamponade,
Papillary muscle rupture,
Ventricular septal rupture.
(macrophages have degraded important structural components)
🗑
|
||||
| Time since MI : Ingrowth of granulation tissue from outer zone. | 5-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| Patient is at risk for what cardiac problems 7 weeks after MI? | Ventricular aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| Gold standard of diagnosis of MI in the 1st 6 hours. | ECG
🗑
|
||||
| MI diagnosis: Rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7-10 days | Cardiac troponin I
🗑
|
||||
| ECG reading of transmural infarct. | ST elevation
🗑
|
||||
| ECG reading of sub-endocardial infarct | ST depression
🗑
|
||||
| List the complications of MI | ACTS RAPID
Arrhythmia, CHF, Thrombus (mural), Shock, Rupture, Aneurysm, Pericarditis, Infarct, Dressler's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| List the causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy | ABCCCD P
Alcohol, Beriberi, Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas, Doxorubicin, Peripartum
🗑
|
||||
| What is the abnormal heart sound heard in dilated cardiomyopathy? | S3
🗑
|
||||
| What are the abnormal heart sounds heard in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | S4,
Apical impulses,
Systolic murmur
🗑
|
||||
| How does the systolic murmur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vary with preload? | The murmur increases in intensity when preload decreases
🗑
|
||||
| How does the systolic murmur in aortic stenosis vary with preload? | The murmur increases in intensity when preload increases (more volume to eject)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the CXR findings of dilated cardiomyopathy? | Balloon appearance
🗑
|
||||
| What is the CXR findings of restrictive cardiomyopathy? | Normal sized heart
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | Beta-blocker, or
Heart specific calcium channel blocker
🗑
|
||||
| State the type of genetic inheritance of the familial cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | Autosomal DOMINANT
🗑
|
||||
| State the major causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy. | Endocardial fibroelastosis (child),
and other inflitrative diseases : sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, post-radiation fibrosis, hemochromatosis.
🗑
|
||||
| Is dilated cardiomyopathy a systolic or diastolic dysfunction? | Systolic dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| Explain the cause of orthopnea (shortness of breath in supine position) in a patient with heart failure. | Increase venous return in supine position will exacerbate pulmonary vascular congestion.
🗑
|
||||
| State 2 causes of fat emboli. | Bone fractures, and
Liposuction
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Postpartum DIC | Amniotic fluid embolism
🗑
|
||||
| State the Virchow's triad. | 1) Stasis
2) Hypercoagulability
3) Endothelial damage
🗑
|
||||
| What are the clinical findings of bacterial endocarditis? | Bacteria FROM JANE
Fever, Roth spots, Osler's nodes, Murmur, Janeway lesions, Anemia, Nail-bed hemorrhage, Emboli
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathogen that cause Acute bacterial endocarditis? | Staph Aureus (high virulence)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathogen that cause Subacute bacterial endocarditis? | Viridans streptococcus (low virulence)
🗑
|
||||
| Dx and pathogen : Small vegetations on congenitally abnormal or diseased valves. History of dental procedures. | Subacute bacterial endocarditis, by viridans streptococcus.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx and pathogen : Large vegetations on previously normal valves. | Acute bacterial endocarditis, by Staph aureus.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathogen that cause bacterial endocarditis associated with colon cancer and ulcerative colitis? | Strep. bovis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathogen that cause bacterial endocarditis associated with prosthetic valves? | Staph. epidermidis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Endocarditis non-bacterial secondary to malignancy or hypercoagulable state. | Marantic endocarditis (non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis)
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Verrucous (wartlike) sterile vegetation on both sides of mitral valve. Associated with lupus. | Libman-Sacks endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| List the heart problems associated with SLE. | 1) Pericarditis
2) LSE
3) Fibrinoid necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathogen associated with rheumatic heart disease? | Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci
🗑
|
||||
| State the histological findings in rheumatic heart disease. | Aschoff bodies surrounded by anitschkow's cells
🗑
|
||||
| What type of hypersensitivity is Rheumatic heart disease? | Type II hypersensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| What are the clinical/laboratory findings of rheumatic heart fever? | FEVERSS
Fever, Erythema marginatum, Valvular damage (vegetation and fibrosis), ESR increase, Red-hot joints (migratory polyarthritis), Subcutaneous nodules (Aschoff bodies), St. Vitus dance (chorea)
+ elevated ASO titers and anti-DNAase B
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Hypotension, jugular venous distension, distant heart sounds, increased HR, pulsus paradoxus | Cardiac tamponade
🗑
|
||||
| What is Pulsus paradoxus (Kussmaul's pulse)? | Decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspiration.
🗑
|
||||
| Give examples of diseases where pulsus paradoxus is seen? | Cardiac tamponade,
Asthma,
Obstructive sleep apnea,
Pericarditis, and
Croup
🗑
|
||||
| What causes serous pericarditis? | SLE,
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Viral infection,
Uremia
🗑
|
||||
| What causes fibrinous pericarditis? | Uremia,
MI (Dressler's syndrome),
Rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| What causes hemorrhagic pericarditis? | TB,
Malignancy (eg. melanoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Pericardial pain, friction rub, pulsus paradoxus, distant heart sounds. | Pericarditis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the ECG changes seen in pericarditis? | ST-segment elevation in multipe leads.
🗑
|
||||
| What does pericarditis lead to if it does not resolve? | Chronic constrictive pericaridits (due to thickening of parietal pericardium)
🗑
|
||||
| How does tertiary syphilis lead to dilation of aorta and valve ring? | It disrupts the vasa vasorum of aorta causing vessel ischaemia
🗑
|
||||
| What is the gross or microscopic findings of syphilitic heart disease? | Calcification of aortic root and ascending aortic arch. Leads to "tree-bark" appearance of the aorta.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Aortic valve regurgitation Brassy cough and hoarse voice. Plasma cell infiltrate in aortic vessel wall. | Syphilitic heart disease (syphilitic aneurysm)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults? | Cardiac myxoma
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Ball-valve obstruction in the left atrium. Associated with syncopal episodes. | Cardiac myxoma
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children? | Rhabdomyoma
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Cardiac tumor in children, associated with tuberous sclerosis. | Rhabdomyoma
🗑
|
||||
| What is Kussmaul's sign? | Increase in jugular venous pressure on inspiration.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Dilated vessels on skin and mucous membranes. Nose bleeds and skin discolorations. | Hereditary-hemorrhagic telangiectasia
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Arteriolar vasospasm in fingers and toes in response to cold temperature or emotional stress. | Raynaud's disease
🗑
|
||||
| Raynaud's phenomenon is when Raynaud's disease is secondary to what diseases? | Mixed connective tissue disease,
SLE,
CREST syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in respiratory tract, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis. | Wegener's granulomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| c-ANCA is found in what disease? | Wegener's granulomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| p-ANCA is found in what disease? | Microscopic polyangiitis,
Chhurg-Strauss syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Hematuria and red cell cast. CXR reveal large nodular densities. | Wegener's granulomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis? | Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Like Wegener's but lacks granulomas. | Microscopic polyangiitis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Vasculitis limited to kidney. Lack of antibodies. | Primary pauci-immune cresentic glomerulonephritis.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Often seen in atopic patients. | Churg-Strauss syndrome.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Port-wine stain on face. Leptomeningeal angiomatosis. | Sturge-Weber disease
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Skin rash on buttocks and legs (palpable purpura). Arthalgia, Intestinal hemorrhage | Henoch-Schonlein purpura
🗑
|
||||
| What is the immune complexes seen in Henoch-Schonlein purpura? | IgA
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Claudication, Raynaud's phenomenon, gangrene and auto-amputation of digits. | Buerger's disease
🗑
|
||||
| What is the risk factor for Buerger's disease? | Smoking
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Young kid, Fever, congested conjuctiva, strawberry tongue, lymphadenitis | Kawasaki disease
🗑
|
||||
| What is the complication of Kawasaki disease? | Coronary Aneurysms
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Vasculitis. Lesions are of different ages. | Polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Fever, Melena, myalgia, abdominal pain, neurologic dysfunction, hypertension, cutaneous eruptions | Polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Vasculitis. Hepatitis B seropositivity in 30% of patients. | Polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Vasculitis. Multiple aneurysms and constrictions on arteriogram. Not associated with ANCA. | Polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for polyarteritis nodosa? | Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide
🗑
|
||||
| What are the symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis? | FAN MY SKIN On Wednesday
Fever, Arthritis, Night sweats, MYalgia, SKIN nodules, Ocular disturbances, Weak pulses in upper extremities.
🗑
|
||||
| Dx : Unilateral headache, jaw claudication, impaired vision | Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
🗑
|
||||
| What artery do giant cell arteritis usually affects? | Branches of carotid artery
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for giant cell arteritis? | High-does steroids
🗑
|
||||
| What are round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage called? | Roth spots
🗑
|
||||
| What are small erythematous lesions on palm and sole called? | Janeway lesions, seen in bacterial endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| What are tender raised lesions on finger and toe pads called? | Osler's nodes, seen in bacterial endocarditis
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
lemontea88
Popular USMLE sets