CH 11-16 Theatre the Lively Art - Wilson/ Goldfarb
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| This impulse is universal among humans | the impulse to create theatre
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| western theatre began with ... | Greek and Roman theatre, then after a hiatus of many centuries, continued with midieval theatre
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| early Greek theatre is well known for tragedies by these three. Also considered to be the 3 great dramatists of the period. | Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
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| choregus | equivalent of modern day producer; wealthy person who financed a playwright's works at an ancient Greek dramatic festival
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| chorus, in ancient Greek drama | a group of performers who sang and danced, sometimes participating in the action but usually simply commenting on it.
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| chorus, in modern times | performers in a musical play who sing and dance as a group
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| Thespian | synonym for "performer"; from Thespis.
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| Thespis | said to have been the first actor in ancient Greek theatre.
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| City of Dionysia | The most important Greek festival in honor of the god Dionysus, and the first to include the drama. 7 day festival of comedy
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| Aeschylus | (525-456 B.C.E.), considered 1st important Greek dramatist & the 1st important Western dramatist. Master of trilogy. Chorus from 50 to 12 & added 2nd actor. "Oresteia"
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| trilogy | in classical Greece, 3 tragedies written by same playwright & presented on a single day; they were connected by a story or thematic concerns.
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| Sophocles | (496-406 B.C.E.) 2nd most important; built on the dramatic form that Aeschylus began. Chorus from 12 to 15 and actors from 2 to 3. "Oedipis Rex" and "Oedipus the King"
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| Euripides | (484-406 B.C.E.), 3rd most important,; rebel & most modern of the 3. sympathetic portrayal of women, increased realism, tragedy/ melodrama/ comedy/ skeptical treatment of gods. "Medea"
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| King Oedipus | 430 B.C.E; Climactic structure; play by Sophocles.Prophesied that he will kill his father and marry his mother - happened, then put out his eyes. Most famous Greek tragedy.
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| Amphitheatre | Large oval, circular, or semicircular outdoor theatre with rising tiers of seats around an open playing area. Or exceptionally large indoor auditorium.
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| Orchestra, ancient Greek theatres | circular playing space
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| Orchestra, modern times | ground-floor seating in a theatre auditorium
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| parodos | in classical Greek drama, the scene in which the chorus enters; or entranceway for chorus in Greek theatre.
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| theatron | where the audience sat in an ancient Greek theatre
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| Greek mechane | crane used for flying in actors
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| Greek skene | platform on wheels used to bring out characters from inside building
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| Aristotle | 1st significant of the poetics; (384-322 B.C.E.); Greek philosopher like Socrates and Plato; 6 elements of drama. Wrote the Poetics
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| Aristotle's 6 elements of drama | 1)plot, 2)character, 3)thought or theme, 4)language, 5)music, 6) spectacle
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| Greeks noted for... | creativity and imagination
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| Romans noted for... | practical achievements: law, engineering, & military conquest
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| works of these 3 playwrights survived in Roman theatre | Comedies of Plautus & Terence, and tragedies of Seneca
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| Plautus | (254-184 B.C.E.); Roman - dealt exclusively w/ domestic situations, particularly trials & tribulations of romance. Farces. "The Menaechmi" Mostly sung
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| Terence | -After Plautus (185-159 B.C.E.). More literary style/ less exaggerated. "Phormio". Mostly spoken.
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| Seneca | most notable tragic dramatist. (4 B.C.E.-65 C.E.), similar to Greek tragedies, but distinct. Chorus not integral. Influenced Shakesphere. "Hamlet"
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| Christianity | Decline of the Roman theatre. Christian church opposed to theatre b/c of connection btw theatre & pagan religions - evil & immoral.
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| Colosseum | most renowned amphitheatre constructed by Romans, built around 80 C.E.
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| Pantomime (originally) | Originally Roman entertainment where narrative was sung by chorus while story acted out by dancers.
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| Pantomime (current day) | Loosely to cover any form of presentation that relies on dance, gesture, & physical movement w/o dialogue or speech.
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| Gladiator | fighters
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| Liturgical drama | Early midievil church drama, written in Latin and dealing w/ biblical stories
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| mystery plays | Also called cycle plays. Short dramas of the MIddle Ages based on events of the Old and New Testaments and often organized into historical cycles
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| morality plays | Medieval drama designed to teach a lesson. The characters were often allegorical and represented virtues or faults
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| Hrosvitha of Gandersheim | c. 935-1001; Nun in German convent that wrote religious plays based on dramas of the Roman writer Terence. Not produced.
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| pageant wagons | staging for medievil religious plays that could be rolled into a town or nearby field. Contained scenery, & had area backstage for costume changes
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| platform stage | elevated stage w/ no proscenium
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| Commedia dell'arte | An Italian Renaissance form of popular theatre that was highly improvisational, used stock characters, masks, and was staged by traveling professional performers
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| Lazzi | Comic pieces of business used repeatedly by characters in Italian commedia dell'arte
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| Zanni | Comic male servants in Italian commedia dell'arte
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| Slapstick | a type of comedy or comic business that relies on exaggerated or ludicrous physical activity for its humor (3 stooges)
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| Neoclassical ideals | Rules developed by critics during the Italian Renaissance, supposedly based on the writings of Aristotle.
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| three unities | unity of time, place, action
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| Unity of time | required that dramatic action in play should not exceed 24 hrs
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| Unity of place | restricted the action of a play to one locale
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| Unity of action | required that there be only one central story involving a relatively small group of characters (no subplots)
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| pole-and-chariot system | A mechanized means of changing scenery that was developed in the Italian Renaissance. Flats were attached to poles & wheels which were shifted by means of ropes, pulleys, & single winch.
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| opera | Invented by Italian ppl in Italy who believed they were recreating the Greek tragic style, which had fused music w/ drama. Only Italian Renaissance theatrical form that survived
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| verisimilitude | meant that drama should be "true to life"
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| Italian theatrical construction | revolutionized theatre design. Olimpico in Vicenza and Teatro Farnese in Parma - 1st w/ proscenium arch
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| perspective drawing | Illusion of depth in painting, introduced into scene design during the Italian Renaissance
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| operetta | light operas with humor and/ or some talking
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| Elizabeth I | English Renaissance called Elizabethan period b/c she was major political figure. She reigned for 45yrs from 1558-1603. Amateur linguist
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| 2 playwrights of the Elizabethan era (most renowned) | Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare
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| Christopher Marlowe | "Mighty Line" 1564-1593, advanced the art of dramatic structure and contributed a gallery of interesting characters to English drama. Perfected dramatic poetry.
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| Marlowe's important plays | The Tragical History of Doctor Fastus, Tamburlaine, Edward II
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| William Shakespeare | 1564-1616, Expert in many aspects of theatre, master of plot structure, climactic structure. Globe Theatre until it burned
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| William Shakespeare plays | Romeo and Juliet, Julius Ceasar, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Richard III, Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2, Henry V
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| Public Theatre | Outdoor theatre in Elizabethan England, located just outside city limits to avoid government restrictions. All levels of society attended.
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| Elizabethan Theatre/ Playhouse | platform stage that juts into an open courtyard, with spectators standing on 3 sides.
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| private theatre | Elizabethan indoor spaces, lit by candles & high windows. Open to general public, but smaller & more expensive that public.
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| 3 categories of personnel in a company, Elizabethan acting companies | shareholders, hirelings, and apprentices.
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| shareholders (Elizabethan) | elite members of the company, received a percentage of the troupe's profits as payment
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| hirelings (Elizabethan) | actors contracted for a specific period of time and for a specific salary, & usually played minor roles.
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| apprentices (Elizabethan) | young performers training for the profession and were assigned to shareholders
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| Charles I | removed from the throne by the puritans and beheaded.
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| Oliver Cromwell | governed England as a Commonwealth for 11 yrs after beheading of Charles I
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| Charles II | was living in exile in France, but was invited by newly elected parliament to return and rule England in 1660
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| Restoration years | 1660-1700
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| comedy of manners | Form of comic drama satirizing social conventions that became popular in 17th century France & English Restoration, & which emphasized a cultivated or sophisticated atmosphere & witty dialogue.
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| ballad opera | satirical w/ popular music and popularized by Beggar's Opera
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| The Beggar's Opera | 1728, made John Gay Rich and John Rich Gay.
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| realism | one of the 5 strands of theatre in the modern era; conveys everything onstage to resemble observable, everyday life to promote a strong sense of audience recognition & identification
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| Romanticism | influenced by the German storm & stress movement, 1st half of 19th century
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| melodrama | Song drama or music drama, a reference to the background music that accompanied these plays. Sought strong emotions
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| well-made plays | tightly constructed plays w/ cause & effect development & actions revolving around a secret. Every act ends w/ a climactic moment w/ the plot carefully resolved.
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| Edwin Booth | actor in 19th century famous for portrayal of Hamlet & other Shakespearean characters, as well as for building his own theatre
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| Eleonora Duse | great Italian actress of late 19th century & early 20th. Known for more realistic acing style.
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| Gesamtkunstwerk | Wagner's concept of totally unified work artwork controlled by 1 person influenced 20th century theories of "total theatre" and directing.
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| Richard Wagner | innovative 19th century theatre building Bayreuth Festspielhaus built for him in 1876; he wanted seating that would not emphasize class distinction
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| the box set | an arrangement in which flats are cleated together at angles - rather than parallel to audience - to form walls of the 3D room.
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| Modern theatre in West began w/ these three dramatists | Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, and Anton Chekhov
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| Henrik Ibsen | Norwegian 1828-1906; founder of modern realistic drama.Best known for A Doll's House, Ghosts, and Hedda Gabler. Stage action + everyday life
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| August Strindberg | 2nd major figure in modern era, Best known for The Father, and Miss Julie. Focused on individuals at war w/ selves & each other instead of ppl in social context
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| Anton Chekhov | 3rd significant figure in modern era, best known for The Sea Gull, Uncle Vanya, The Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard. 12-14 characters instead of 6. Blended tragedy and comedy
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| naturalism | special form of realism developed in Europe in the late 19th century; not carefully plotted or constructed bu meant to present a "slice of life"
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| George Bernard Shaw | Introduced by the Independent Theatre, play Widowers' Houses
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| symbolism | movement of the late 10th century & early 20th century that sought to express inner truth rather than represent life realistically
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| theatre of cruelty | Antonin Artaud's visionary concept of a theatre based on magic & ritual, which would liberate deep, violent, & erotic impulses.
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| book | spoken (as opposed to sung) portion of the text of a musical play
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| Oklahoma | Oscar Hammerstein II wrote the lyrics and libretto, Jerome Kern composed the music.
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| Showboat | Jerome Kern combined some of the best aspects of operetta and musical comedy to create this
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| Porgy and Bess | Gershwin - many consider it an opera rather than a musical
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| 1st time team of Rodgers & Hammerstein worked together | Oklahoma
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| No Japanese plays | Rigidly traditional form of Japanese drama combining music, dance, and lyrics
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| Bunraku Japanese | Japanese puppet theatre
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| Kabuki Japanese | Form of popular Japanese theatre combining music, dance, and dramatic scenes
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| shadow plays India | Thailand, Malaysia, & Indonesia involving intricately carved flat leather puppets that create patterns of light and shadow when their image is projected on a screen
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| PT Barnum | founded the circus
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| Wild west shows | Buffalo Bill, etc
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| vaudeville | variety entertainment like burlesque and comedy
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| The Origin of the Species | Book of evolution by Darwin
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| Victor Hugo | Dramatist of Romantic Movement, greatest/ best known French writer
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| Hernani | French drama by Victor Hugo
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| Emile Zola | french novelist w/ theory of naturalism
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| ALexandre Dumas | one of the most widely read French authors
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| Camille | 1936 American romantic film
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| Sarah Bernhardt | French stage actress that played many leading stage roles
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| Romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
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| Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis
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| American Civil War | 1861-1865
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| minstrel shows | blackface variety entertainment
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| Jim Crow | stock character in minstrel shows
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| WWI | 1914-1918
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| Industrial Revolution | transition to new manufacturing process 1760-1840
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| Gilbert and Sullivan | operettas
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| George M Cohan | American entertainer, playwright, composer, lyricist, actor, singer, dancer and producer.
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| George and Ira Gershwin | Team of songwriting brothers. Ira the lyracist and George the composer
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| Oscar Hammerstein II | the most influential lyricist and librettist of the American theater.
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| Jerome Kern | One of the most important American theatre composers of the early 20th century - Old Man River
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| Richard Rodgers | American composer of music
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| Annie Get Your Gun | musical with lyrics and music by Irving Berlin and a book by Dorothy Fields and her brother Herbert Fields.
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| Kiss Me Kate | musical written by Samuel and Bella Spewack with music and lyrics by Cole Porter.
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| Cole Porter | American composer and songwriter.
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| Stephen Sondeim | American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theatre.
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| Andrew Lloyd Weber | Phantom of the Opera, Evita, Jesus Christ Superstar, Cats
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| Julie Taymor | American director of theater, opera and film. She is best known for directing the stage musical The Lion King, for which she became the first woman to win the Tony Award for directing
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| West Side Story | American musical-romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins.
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| phantom of the opera | Andrew Lloyd Weber, longest running broadway show
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| Asian theatre | older than Greek theatre
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| Irving Berlin's birthday | 5/11/1888
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| only state to use a Broadway song for state song | Oklahoma
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| Kansas State song | Home on the Range
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| 1960 | The Sound of Music
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| 1927 | Showboat, the Jazz Singer
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| 1943 | Oklahoma!
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| LP for Jesus Christ Superstar | 1969
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| 2nd longest running show on Broadway | Lion King
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