biology-evolution 2
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what does the pinkie stand for? | small population
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what does the ring finger stand for? | non-random mating
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what does the middle finger stand for? | mutation
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what does the pointer finger stand for? | gene flow
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what does the thumb stand for? | adaptations
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microevolution | -occurs over a relatively short period of time within a population species
-finches
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macroevolution | -occurs over geologic time above the level of species
-fossil record
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population | consists of organisms of the same species that live in the same area where mating takes place
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population genetics | the science that focuses on evolution within population
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gene pool | consists of all the genes of all the members of the population
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Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium | describes populations in which allele frequencies are not changing
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what factors are the forces of evolution? | 1. mutation
2. gene flow
3. genetic drift
4. natural selection
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how do all new alleles first rise? | mutation
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what mutations matter for evolution in sexually reproducing species? | those that occur in gametes, only these can be passed on to offspring
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gene flow | occurs when individuals move in or out of a population
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genetic drift | a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population
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what are the two special conditions in which genetic drift occurs? | -bottleneck effect
-founder effect
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bottleneck effect | -occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller
-natural disaster
-allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population
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founder effect | -occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population
-allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left
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natural selection | -occurs when there are differences in fitness among members of a population
-some individuals pass more genes to the next generation
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what are the three ways natural selection can affect phenotypes? | 1. stabilizing selection
2. directional selection
3. disruptive selection
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stabilizing selection | -occurs when phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic distribution are selected against
-narrows the range of variation
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directional selection | -occurs when one of two extreme phenotypes is selected for
-this shifts the distribution toward that extreme
-finches
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disruptive selection | -occurs when phenotypes in the middle of the range are selected against
-results in two overlapping phenotypes, one at each end of the distribution
-sexual dimorphism
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sexual dimorphism | refers to differences between the phenotypes of males and females of the same species
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speciation | the process by which a new species evolves
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species | a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring together in nature
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how can a new species arise? | some members of a species must become reproductively isolated from the rest of the species
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allopatric speciation | -members of a species become geographically separated from the rest of the species
-if they remain separated enough, they may evolve genetic differences
-differences prevent them from interbreeding with members of the original species..NEW SPECIES
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sympatric speciation | new species that arises without geographic separation
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coevolution | species in symbiotic relationships tend to evolve together, as one species changes, the other species must also change
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gradualism | -when geologic and climate conditions are stable, evolution may occur gradually
-gradual loss of structure
-darwin
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punctuated equilibrium | -when geologic and climate conditions are changing, evolution may occur more quickly
-long periods of little change may be interrupted by bursts of rapid change
-attributed to a mutation in a few essential genes
-fossil record
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what is in microevolution? | -mutation
-selection
-gene flow
-genetic drift
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what is in macroevolution? | -speciation
-coevolution
-gradualism
-punctuated equilibrium
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how can the absolute age of a fossil be found? | -radiometric dating
-determining layer of rock where the fossil was found
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evolutionary/phylogenetic tree | the age and appearances of fossils can be used to place fossils in sequences that often show patterns of changes that have occurred over time
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phyletic speciation | -abrupt mutations in a few regulatory genes occur after a species has existed for a long period of time
-results in the entire species shifting to a new species
-relate to punctuated equilibrium
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divergent speciation | -gradual accumulation of small genetic changes results in subpopulation of a species that eventually accumulate so many changes that the subpopulations become different species
-gradualism
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