Chapter 6- Muscles
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| Four major functional characteristics | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
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| Elasticity | Ability to recoil to their original resting length after being stretched
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| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched
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| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Epimysium | Surrounds each skeletal muscle
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| Muscles help to produce what essential for maintenance of normal body temperature? | Heat
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| Fascia | Located outside of the emimysium and surrounds and seperates muscles
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| Perimysium | Surrounds the muscle fascicles, loose connective tissue
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| The fasciculi (fascicles) are composed of single muscle cells called what? | Fibers
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| Endomysium | Each fiber that is surrounded by connective tissue
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| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ________. | myofibrils
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| What is a myofibril? | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other.
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| Myofibrils consist of what 2 major kinds of protein fibers? | Actin and myosin myofilaments
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| Actin myofilaments | Thin, resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| Myosin myofilaments | Thick, resemble bundles of mini golf clubs
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| True/False: Actin myofilaments are thick | False
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| True/False: Myosin myofilaments are thick | True
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| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called _________. | Sarcomeres
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| Sarcomeres | Joined end to end to form the myofibril
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| Where does each sarcomere extend to? | From one Z line to another Z line
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| Each Z line is an attachment site for what? | Actin
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| On each side of the Z line is a light area called what? | I band
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| What does the I band consist of? | Actin
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| The A band extends the length of the _______. | Myosin
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| True or False: The A band is the darker central region in each sarcomere | True
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| In the center of each sarcomere is another area called the what? | H zone
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| Is the H zone light or dark? | Light
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| What does the H zone only consist of? | Myosin
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| Where is the M line located? | The Myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere
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| Is the M line light or dark? | Dark
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| What is the charge difference across the membrane? | Resting membrane potential
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| What are Motor Neurons? | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a what? | neuromuscular junction
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| Motor unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| Presynaptic terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal
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| What is the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell? | Synaptic cleft
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| Postsynaptic terminal | The muscle fiber in the nerve supply
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains what? | Synaptic vesicles
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| What do synaptic vesicles secrete that is a neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine
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| Where is the acetylcholine? | It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds the postsynaptic terminal
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| Acetylcholinesterase | Rapidly breaks down acetylcholine by an enzyme
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| Muscle Contraction | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments
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| Sliding filament mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments
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| Muscle twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron is called what? | Lag phase
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| The time of contraction is the what? | Contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes is called the what? | Relaxation phase
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| Tetany | The muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called what? | Recruitment
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| ATP means what? | Adenosine triphosphate
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| Where is ATP produced? | In the mitochondria
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| True/False: ATP is short-lived and unstable | True
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| ADP means what? | Adenosine diphosphate
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| What means without oxygen? | Anaerobic respiration
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| What means with oxygen? | Aerobic respiration
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| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions
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| Muscle fatigue | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| Isometric | Length does not change, amount of tension increases
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| Isotonic | Tension stays the same, length of the muscle changes
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| Muscle Tone | Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| Fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| True/False: Fast-twitch fibers are well adapted to preform anaerobic metabolism | True
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| True/False: Slow-twitch fibers are better suited for aerobic metabolism | True
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| Origin | The most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | The end of the muscle
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| True/false: Insertion has the most movement in the muscle | True
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| What portion of the muscle is between the origin and the insertion? | The belly
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| Some muscles have multiple what? | Origins
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called what? | Synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition are called what? | Antagonists
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| Prime mover | If one muscle plays a major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| How are some muscles described? | Size, shape, origin...
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| When he sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to what? | Shorten
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