Contrast Agents
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| Fills a structure with a material that has a different density than that of the structure. | Contrast agent
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| Agent is a higher density than that of the structure. | Positive agent
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| Agent is of a lower density than the surrounding structure. | Negative agent
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| How do contrast agents serve to widen the difference in attenuation between adjacent structures? | Different tissues often enhance differently and intravascular contrast material is handled differently in normal tissue versus abnormal tissue.
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| A property of intravascular contrast media that refers to the number of particles in the solution, per unit liquid, as compared with blood. | Osmolality
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| High-osmolality contrast media can have how many times more osmolality than that of blood? | 7 times
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| Low-osmolality contrast media can have how many more times osmolality than that of blood? | Roughly twice as much.
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| Contrast media that has the same osmolality as blood is termed____. | Isosmolar
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| A physical property of intravascular contrast media. It can be described as the thickness or friction of the fluid as it flows. | Viscosity
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| What are three things that can affect viscosity? | Brand, temperature, and concentration.
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| How are IV contrast agents classified? | Whether the molecules they contain will separate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in an aqueous solution.
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| Will the molecules of an ionic contrast agent separate or stay together when in solution? | They will dissociate into ions
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| Do most nonionic contrast agents have low or high osmolality? | Low
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| How are iodinated contrast media metabolized in the body? | They are not metabolized but are excreted by the kidney via glomelular filtration.
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| What is the half life of iodinated contrast media? | 2 hours
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| How many grams of iodine will be delivered when 125 mL of an agent with a concentration of 240 mgl/mL is injected? | 125 mL X 240 mgl/mL = 30,000mgl = 30gl
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| What is a risk factor when administering iodinated contrast? | patient's hydration
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| At what volumes has death occurred from contrast administration? | 250 to 300 mL undiluted HOCM ionic media
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| What is the typical upper limit of contrast media given? | 200mL of an agent with a concentration of 320mgl/mL
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| What body systems does contrast media affect when there is an adverse reaction? | Pulmonary and cardiovascular systems
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| What factors should be considered when accounting for individual volume and concentration of contrast agents? | Age, weight, and size of the vessel into which it will be injected.
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| What is the most common formula for pediatric patients when considering contrast agents? | 2mL/kg
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| What does the term "contrast reaction" refer to? | All undesired effects including the many subjective side effects experienced to some degree by most patients who receive contrast.
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| What are the two categories of adverse reactions to injectable contrast media? | Chemotoxic and idiosyncratic
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| What causes a chemotoxic reaction? | Th physiochemical properties of the contrast media, the dose, and speed of injection.
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| What does the term idiosyncratic refer to? | Unpredictable, not precisely understood.
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| Do adults or children have a lower frequency of contrast reactions and are they chemotoxic or idiosyncratic on nature? | Children, idiosyncratic
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| What are some common side effects of contrast media administered intravenously? | Nausea, vomiting, altered taste, perspiration, warmth, flushing, anxiety
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| How are acute idiosyncratic reactions characterized? | Mild, moderate, severe
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| What are symptoms of a mild idiosyncratic reaction? | Cough, itching, rash, pallor, nasal stuffiness, minimal swelling in the eyes and face, and facial rash.
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| What are symptoms of a moderately idiosyncratic reaction? | Respiratory distress, bronchospasm, dyspnea, wheezing, mild laryngeal edema, pulse change, hypertension, and hypotension.
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