Neuro BM 06/09
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| What is the CNS composed of? | brain, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord
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| What is the PNS composed of? | all other nervous tissue including Spinal and Cranial nerves
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| What are the types of nerve cells? | Afferent, Efferent and Interneurons
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| What do afferent nerves do? | Sensory Neurons: Recieve information from periphery abd transport it to the CNS
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| What do efferent nerves do? | Motor Neurons: transmit information from spinal cord to extremities to signal muscles to produce movement
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| What do interneurons do? | Connect two neurons and organize information and determine an appropriate response
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| What do dendrites do? | receive information and transfer it to the cell body where it is processed
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| What does the cell body (soma) do? | responsible for supporting functional activities, transmitting electochemical impulses and repairing cells
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| What do Axons do? | transfer information away from cell body to other neurons, muscle cells or glands
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| What is Myelin and what does it do? | A lipid/protein that incases and insulates axons. It increases the speed of impulse conduction
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| What are the spaces in the myelin sheath called? | Nodes of Ranvier
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| What is saltatory conduction? | When electrical impulses conduct along an axon by jumping from one node to the next
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| What is a Synapse? | Space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next.
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| Where is white matter found? | Inner surface of brain and outer surface of spinal cord
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| Where is gray matter found? | Outer surface of brain and inner surface of spinal cord
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| What is white matter composed of? | axon that are bundled together to form fiber tracts
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| What is gray matter composed of? | Nerve cell bodies and dendrites.
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| What are the three main structures of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem
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| What is the Sulci? | depressions in the cerebrum
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| what is the gyri? | ridges in the cerebrum
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| what lobes are divided by the central sulcus | frontal and parietal
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| what lobes are divided by the parieto-occipital sulcus? | Parietal and occipital
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| where is the precentral gyrus and what does it contain? | anterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary motor cortex
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| where is the postcentral gyrus and what does it contain? | posterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary somatosensory cortex
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| What are the 3 meninges from outer to inner? | Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
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| What are ventricals? | A system of 4 fluid filled cavities that supply the brain with cerebrospinal fluid
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| What is the structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid? | Choroid Plexus
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| What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? | Protection, bouancy, excretion of waste, and transports hormones
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| What are the lobes of the cerebrum? | frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
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| What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe? | Voluntary control of complex motor activities, cognitive functions including judgement, attention, awareness, abstract thinking, mood and aggression, houses Broca's area.
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| What is Broca's Area responsible for? | communication of expressive language
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| What does brocas area do in the left hemisphere? | plans movements of the mouth to produce speech
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| what does brocas area do in the right hemisphere? | nonverbal communication, gestures and tone of voice
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| What are the functions of the parietal lobe? | percieves sensory information and attaches meaning to it; houses the homunculus; short-term memory
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| What is the homunculus? | a mapping of specific body regions within the parietal lobe
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| What are the functions of the temporal lobe? | houses Wernicke's area, visial perception, musical discrimination, long-term memory
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| What is Wernicke's area responsible for? | Hearing and comprehending spoken language (receptice language)
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| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | organizes, integrates and interprets visual information.
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| What are the functions of the Left hemisphere? | Language productionword recognition/comprehensionprocess/analyze information in sequential , organized, mannermathmatecal calculationssequence and perform movement and gesturesexpress positive emotions (love and happiness)
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| What are the common impairments seen with Left hemisphere injury? | Apraxiadifficulty initiating, sequencing and processing taskscompulsivedifficulty producing or comprehending speechpoor attention/ distractible
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| What are the functions of the Right hemisphere? | Process verbal and nonverbal communicationbody image awarenessartistic abilitiesmake inferences and synthesize informationcomprehend general conceptscoordination and proprioceptionsustaining movement and postureexpress negative emotions
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| What are common impairments seen with right hemisphere injury? | Impulsivepoor judgementunrealistic expectationsdenial of disabilitydisturbances in body imageirritabilitylethargy
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| What is the corpus collosum | A group of axons that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres and allow communication between the two cortices
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| What is the Internal capsule? | a deep structure within the cerebral hemisphere made up of axons that project from the cortex to the white matter below
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| What is the diencephalon and what is contained within it? | a deep area within the cerebrum where the major sensory, visual, and auditory neurons synapse, Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
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| What are the functions of the thalamus? | central relay station for sensory impulsesreceives all sensory info except smellSenses pain and peripheral numbness
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| What are the functions of the hypo thalamus? | regualates homeostasis: hunger, thirst, temperature, BP and wake/sleep cyclesintegrates function of the endocrine and nervous system
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| What is the Basal Ganglia? | a concentration of nerve cells at the base of the cerebrum
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| What does the Basal Ganglia do? | regulates posture and muscle tonecontrols volitional and automatic movement
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| What are common conditions seen with damage to the basal ganglia? | Parkinson'sBradykinesiaAkinesiaRigidity
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