Central Nervous System Drugs
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| What is the use of a smoking deterrent? | To aid in stopping smoking
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| What is the mechanism of action of Varenicline (chantix)? | Mimics the action of nicotine on the brain and can help in both easong nicotine withdrawal symptoms and blocking the reinforcing effects of nicotine if smoking is resumed.
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| What is the mechanism of Bupropion (Wellbutrin and Zyban)? | Used to help people stop smoking by reducing cravings and other withdrawal effects.
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| What are the side effects of nicotine alternative smoke deterrents? | *Nausea
*Vomiting
*Headache
*Flatulence
*Insomnia
*Abnormal dreams
*Changes in taste perception
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| What is the mechanism of action of a nicotine replacement smoke deterrent? | Releases nicotine into the body to prevent withdrawal.
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| What are the side effects of nicotine replacement smoke deterrents? | *Dizziness
*Drowsiness
*Irritability
*Headache
*Sleep distrubances
*Vivid dreams
*Mild hallucinations
*Depression
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| What are nicotine patches (Nicoderm CQ) and Nicotine Gum (Nicorette Gum) examples of? | Nicotine replacement smoke deterrents.
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| What are Antiparkinson's Agents used for? | To treat the shaking, rigidity, salvation, and slowing of initial movements associated with Parkinson's Disease.
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| How do AntiParkinson's Agents work? | Restoring the balance between the hormones acetylcholine and dopamine (Parkinson's is caused by a decreased dopamine level)
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| What are side effects of Antiparkinson's Agents? | *Dry mouth
*Blurred vision
*Consitipation
*Hallucination
*Memory impairment
*Dizziness
*Insomnia
*Nervousness
*Irritability
*Confusion
*Nausea
*Vomiting
*Arrythmias
*Fatigue
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| What are Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet) used for? | Antiparkinson's Agent considered the "gold standard" in treatment.
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| What are CNS stimulants used for? | *Improve mental function
*Elevate moods
*Overcome fatigue
*Produce a general feeling of well being
*Narcolepsy
*Hyperkinesis (ADHD in children)
*Anorexiants (management of obesity)
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| What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines? | Stimulate activity and are mediated by the release of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in the brain
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| What is the mechanism of action of Pemoline and methylphenidates? | No action is known.
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| What are the side effects of CNS stimulants? | *Dependence
*Increased blood pressure
*Increased Resipiratory Rate
*Upset stomach
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| What are caffeine, methylphenidate (ritalin), dextroamphetamine (dexadrine), and adderall (amphetamine mixture) examples of? | CNS stimulants.
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| What are antianxiety agents (anxiolytics) used for? | *Relieve nervousness and tension in normal or neurotic patients.
*Have muscle relaxing capabilities.
*Some have anticonvulsant activity.
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| What is the mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines? | Bind to and affecting certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
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| What is the mechanism of action of Buspirone? | Has an affect on th seratonin and dopamine receptors.
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| What are side effects of antianxiety agents? | *Drowsiness
*Dizziness
*Fatigue
*Abrupt termination of high doses can cause coma, convulsions, and death.
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| What are Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium) and Midazolam (Versed) examples of? | Benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety.
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| What are Buspirone (BuSpar) and Doxepine (Sinequan) examples of? | Non-benzodiazepine medications used to treat anxiety.
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| What is the Alzheimer's Disease medications mechanism of action? | NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) Receptor Antagonist
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| What are side effects of Alzheimer's Disease medications? | *Dizziness
*Confusion
*Nausea
*Insomnia
*Agitation
*Coughing
*Fatigue
*Abnormal thinking
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| What are Namenda, Cognex, and Aricept examples of ? | Alzheimer's Disease medications.
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| What is the mechanism of action of antidepressants? | *Exact mechanism is unknown.
*Appear to increase neurotransmitters in the brain (Norepinephrine and Seratonin).
*Usually take up to 3-6 weeks to take effect.
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| What are the side effects of antidepressants? | *Sedation
*Anticholinergic (blocks neurotransmitters in the CNS)
*Arrythmias
*Seizures
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| What are Amitriptyline (Elavil), Desipramine (Norpramin), and Imipramine (Iofranil) examples of? | Tricyclic antidepressants
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| What are Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxile), Sertraline (Zoloft), and Escitalopram (Lexapro) examples of? | Serotonin and Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (used for depression).
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| What are Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and Lithium (Lithobid) used for? | Depression.
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| What are antipsychotics used for? | *Relieves signs and symptoms of psychosis
*Have better effects on positive symptoms of psychosis
*Auditory and visual hallucinations, agitation, suspicion, persecuting feelings, ideas of reference, and intrusion of unwanted thoughts.
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| What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics? | *Originally proposed to block dopamine receptors in the brain.
*Chemical effects unkown
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| What are the common side effects of antipsychotics? | *Sedation
*Extrapyramidal symptoms (abnormal body movements)
*Anticholinergic symptoms
*Orthostatic hypotension
*Arrythmias
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| What are Haldol, Thorazine, Compazine, Prolixin, Mallaril, Navane, and Stelazine examples of? | Typical antipsychotics
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| What are Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Abilify, and Seroquel examples of? | Atypical antipsychotics
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| What are narcotic analgesics used for? | *Relief of moderate to severe pain
*Cough suppressant (Antitussives)
*Often combined with expectorants to help the patient cough up phlegm
*Severe diarrhea
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| What is the mechanism of action of narcotic analgesics? | Bind to specific receptors within the brain and depress certain parts of the CNS to cause pain relief, respiratory depression, decreased GI motility, and suppression of cough.
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| What are common side effects of narcotic analgesics? | *Drowsiness
*Consitipation
*Nausea/vomiting
*Addiction, tolerance and physical and psychological dependence
*Overdoses can cause respiratory depression, profound coma, and pinpoint pupils (narcotic antagoniststreat overdoses- Naloxone or Narcan)
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| What are Codeine, Morphine Sulfate, Oxycodone, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Butorphanol (Stadol), Nalbuphine (Numbain), Meperidine (Demeral), Fentanyl (Duragesic) and Pentazocine (Talwin) examples of? | Single product narcotic analgesics.
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| What are Acetaminophen with codeine (tylenol with codeine), Hydrocodone and acetaminophen (Lorcet, Lortab, Vicodin), Oxycodone and Acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet) and Oxycodone and aspirin (Percodan) examples of? | Combination product narcotic analgesics.
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| What is Naloxone? | Opiod antagonist used to treat addiction such as oxycodone and heroine; Displaces opiod at opioid receptor sites.
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| What is Buprenophrine? | Exerts analgesic effect via high affinity binding to opiate receptors inthe CNS; Displays partial agonist and weak kappa antagonist activity.
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| What are anticonvulsants used for? | *Epilepsy-seizures accompanied by loss or disturbance of consciousness and possibly abnormal body movements (Convulsions).
*Needs to be individualized by dose and addiction of other anticonvulsant agents.
*Prevent the accurance of Seizures; don't cure
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| What is the mechanism of action of anticonvulsants? | Control the excessive discharge of signals from the brain (seizures)
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| What are side effects of anticonvulsants? | *Drowsiness
*Slurred speech
*Addiction
*Tolerance and depencence
*Respiratory and cardia depression (high doses)
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| What are Phenobarbital, Phenytoin (Dilantin), Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx), Carbamazepine (Tegretal),and Calproic acides and its derivatives (Depakene and depakote) | Anticonvulsants
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| What are skeletal muscle relaxants used for? | *Relieve muscle spasms associated with muscle inflammation and injury
*Useful in neuromuscular disorders such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy
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| What is the mechanism of action of skeletal muscle relaxants? | Not understood; may block nerve response within the spinal column; this has an effect of reducing muscle tone and relieveing spasms and tensions
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| What are the common side effects of skeletal muscle relaxants? | *Drowsiness
*Addiction
*Tolerance and dependence
*Respiratory and cardiac depression (with high dose)
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| What are Diazepam (Valium), Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), Methocarbamul (Roboxin), Baclofen (Lioresal), Chlorzoxazon (Parafon forte), Carisoprodol (Soma), Metazolone (Skelaxin), Tizanidine (Zanaflex), and Orphenadrine (Norflex) examples of? | Skeletal muscle relaxants
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| What are Sedative Hypnotics used for? | *Short-term for insomnia
*Long-term can cause drug-induced abnormalities in sleep cycle
*Antidotes for overdoses of stimulants
*In combonation with analgesics in painful situations
*Preoperative anesthitics
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| What is the mechanism of action of Sedative hypnotics? | Not certian; believed to reduce activity of brain and spinal cord
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| What are side effects of sedative hypnotics? | *Drowsiness
*Addiction
*Tolerance and dependence
*Respiratory and cardiac depression (high doses)
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| What are Flurazepam (Dalmane), Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium), Oxazepam (Serax), Midazolam (Versed), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halicon), Estazolam (ProSam), Clonazepam (Klonopin), and Quazepam (Doral) exapmles of? | Benzodiazepine Sedative hypnotics
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| What are Secobarbital (Seconal), Amobarbital (Anytal), Phenobarbital (Nembutal), and Butabarbital (Butisol) examples of? | Sedative Hypnotics
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| How to tell if some drugs are benzodiazepines? | Most end in "-pam" or "-lam"
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| What are Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), Zaleplon (Sonata), and Ramelton (Rozerem) examples of? | Nonbenzodiazepines used for insomnia
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| What are Diphenhydramine (benadryl, compoz, nytol, and sominex) examples of? | Antihistamines
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