Myer's Psychology for AP Vocab Chapter 7
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| memory | the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
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| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system.
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| storage | the retention of encoded information over time.
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| retreival | the process of getting formation out of memory.
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| parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
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| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing.
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| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
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| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-
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| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
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| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information.
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| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection.
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| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.
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| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds.
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| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.
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| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice affect or test-enhanced learning
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| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
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| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
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| hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
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| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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| long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapses' firing potential after brief, rapids stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
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| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time.
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| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception.
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| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
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| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories.
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| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past.
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| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of old information on new information.
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| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new information on old information.
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| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
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| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
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| deja vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
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| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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| convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
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| divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
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| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
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| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.
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| insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem.
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| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contrary evidence.
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| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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| intution | an effortless, immediate autonomic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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| representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
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| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
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| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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| phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.
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| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.
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| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
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| Broca's area | controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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| Wernicke's area | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language predetermines the way we think
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