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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery

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show Seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus.  
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What is mental imagery?   show
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What did Wundt state about imagery?   show
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show Some psychologists believe that thought is impossible without an image. Otherwise argued that thinking can occur without images.  
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show Galton (1883) observed that people who had great difficulty forming visual images were still quite capable of thinking.  
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show They thought the study of imagery unproductive as visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. Watson (1928) thought them "unproven" and "mythological" and so unworthy of stuyd.  
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How did Alan Paivio's (1963) work on memory link behaviour and cognition?   show
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show Subjects were presented with pairs of words during a study period. They were then presented with the first word from each pair, and were tasked to recall the word that was paired with it during the study period.  
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What is the conceptual peg hypothesis, as proposed by Paivio (1963)?   show
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While Paivio inferred cognitive processes by measuring memory, what did Shepard & Metzler (1971) use to infer cognitive processes?   show
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What is mental chronometry?   show
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Describe Shepard & Metzler's (1971) experiment using mental chronometry.   show
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What did Shepard & Metzler's (1971) experiment find?   show
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show 1. One of the first to apply quantitative methods to the study of imagery 2. and suggest that imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms - the spatial experience for both imagery and perception matches the layout of the actual stimulus.  
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show Subjects create mental images and then scan them in their minds.  
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show Subjects memorized a picture of an object (boat) and created an image of that object in their mind and to focus on one part of the boat. They then looked for another part of the boat, and to press the true button when they found this part or false if not  
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What did Kosslyn (1973) find in his study?   show
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show As subject scanned, they may have ecountered other interesting parts and this distraction may have increased reaction time.  
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Describe Kosslyn et al's (1978) scanning experiment.   show
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show They found that it took longer to scan between greater distances on the image, supporting the idea that visual imagery is spatial in nature.  
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show A debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as those involved in perception, or on mechanisms related to language, called propositional mechanisms?  
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show The former supported the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involved a spatial representation. Pylyshyn, however, argued that just because we experience imagery as spatial doesn't mean that the underlying representation is spatial.  
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show Something that accompanies the real mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism.  
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show Mental images are an epiphenomenon - indicate that something is happening in the mind, but don't tell us how it is happening. He proposed that the mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional.  
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What is a propositional representation? How does it differ from a spatial representation?   show
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show Representations that are like realistic pictures of an object, so that parts of the representation correspond to parts of the object.  
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In addition to suggesting that Kosslyn's results can be explained in terms of propositional representations, what else did Pylyshyn propose?   show
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show It states that subjects unconsciously use knowledge about the world in making their judgments.  
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show Subjects were presented a four dot display and 2 s later an arrow, and indicated whether the arrow was pointing to any of the dots they had just seen. It was found that they took longer to respond for greater distances between the arrow and the dot.  
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show Subjects wouldn't have had time to memorize the distances between the arrow and the dot before making their judgments, and so unlikely that they used tacit knowledge about how long it should take to get from one point to another.  
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Describe Kosslyn's (1978) study on that the relationship between viewing distance and the ability to perceive details in mental images.   show
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How did Kosslyn's (1978) study demonstrate that the relationship between viewing distance and the ability to perceive details also occurred for mental images?   show
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show A task in which subjects imagined that they were walking toward a mental image.  
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show He asked them to imagine animals. Subjects were to estimate how far away from the animal they were when they began to experience "overflow" (when the image filled the visual field or when its edges started becoming fuzzy).  
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What did Kosslyn's mental walk experiment discover?   show
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show Subjects mentally projected images of common objects onto a secretly back-projected screen, and then described this image. The descriptions matched the images that Perky was projecting, and none of them were aware that there was an actual picture.  
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Describe Farah's (1985) study on perception and imagery.   show
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What did Farah's (1985) study find?   show
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show 1. Anderson (1978): still can't rule out the propositional explanation despite evidence 2. Farah (1988): always possible that subjects can still be unknowingly influenced by past experience - difficult to rule out on de basis of behavioural experiments  
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show We should also investigate how the brain responds to visual imagery. Brain imaging experiments provided additional data regarding the physiology of imagery.  
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show He found neurons that responded to some objects but not to others, and that these neurons fired in the same way when the person imagined the object. He called them "imagery neurons".  
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show Activity in the striate cortex increased both when a person observed stimuli and imagined the same stimuli. In addition, asking subjects to think about imagery questions generated a greater response in the striate cortex than non-imagery questions.  
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show Perceiving small objects causes activity in the back of the visual cortex, and looking at larger objects causes activity to spread toward the front of the visual cortex.  
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show Subjects created small, medium and large visual images in a scanner. Small visual images caused activity at the back of the brain, but increases in size brought the activity forward to the front just as it does for perception.  
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