Nervous and Muscular Tissue
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| Which are the components of the Nervous System? | brain, spinal cord, cranial nerve branches, spinal nerve branches, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors
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| What is the Central Nervous System? | Brain and Spinal Cord
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| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Sensory & Afferent neurons which transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, and Motor & Efferent neurons which transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to muscle and glands
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| Nerve | a bundle of axons (plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels) located outside the brain and spinal cord.
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| Ganglia | Small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord
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| Enteric Plexuses | Networks of neurons located in the walls of GI tract organs; help regulate digestive system activities
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| Sensory Receptors | structures that monitor changes in the internal and external environment
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| Sensory Afferent Neurons | Transmit sensory information
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| Interneurons | receive and analyze data to provide perception, storing some of it and making decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
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| Motor Efferent Neurons | respond to integration decisions by initiating actions in efferents including muscle fibers and glandular cells
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| What type of neuron is most abundant? | Interneurons
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| Afferent impulses travel from ______ to _____? | Receptors to CNS
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| Efferent impulses travel from ______ to ______? | CNS to effectors
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| What are the 2 divisions of the efferent portion of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Division
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| Sympathetic Division | Fight or flight
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| Parasympathetic Division | Rest and Digest
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| Neurons | Bigger but fewer
highly specialized cells, lost the ability to undergo mitotic division
connect all region of the body to the nervous system
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| Neuroglia | Smaller but more numerous
support, nourish, protect neurons, continue to divide throughout an individuals lifetime
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| Dendrites | short, tapering, unmyelinated, and highly branched processes that emerge from the cell body
receiving or input portion of a neuron
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| Soma (cell body) | contains the nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical organelles
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| Nissl bodies | rough er, high levels of protein synthesis
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| Axon Hillock | beginning of the the axon
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| Axon | long, thin cylindrical process that may be myelinated and transmits nerve impulses away from cell body
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| Axon Terminal | nonmyelinated, fine line
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| Synaptic end bulbs | tip of some axon terminals are bulbous
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| Most axons are what? | Myelinated; surrounded by myelin sheath
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| Synapse | Site of communication
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| Presynaptic Neuron | Transmits nerve impulses toward the synapse
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| Postsynaptic cell | is as postsynaptic neuron or a muscle cell or a gland cell that receives the signal
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| Multipolar Neuron | Several dendrites and one axon, most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are of this type
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| Bipolar Neurons | Have one main dendrite and one axon, these are located in the retina, inner ear, and olfactory are of the brain "special senses"
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| Unipolar Neurons | Sensory neurons have just one process extending from he cell body; process is essentially an axon with dendrites at its peripheral end, 'most sensory'
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| What cells produce myelin sheath around several adjacent axons of CNS neurons? | Oligodendrocytes
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| Oligodendrocytes | have few processes and produce a myelin sheath, each Oligodendrocyte can myelinate parts of several axons
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| What cells myelin sheath in the PNS | Schwann Cells
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| What are star- shaped, and one of their functions is providing nutrients to neurons? | Astrocytes
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| What cells protect CNS from disease by engulfing invading microbes? | Microglia cells
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| What cells line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord? | Ependymal cells
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| Which type of axon is more numerous? | Unmyelinated
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| What are the functions of myelin sheath? | Protect axon, electrically insulate fibers from one another, increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
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| What is Neurolemma? | Outer, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann Cell
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| Where is neurolemma located? | PNS ONLY
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| What structures are included in gray matter? | neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia (all unmyelinated= gray color)
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| What structures are included in white matter? | unmyelinated axons and myelinated axons (all myelinated= white color)
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | Mutlinuclei, moves bones, striated, voluntary
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| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | One nucleus, one muscle fiber, forms most of the wall of the heart, striated, some cells have autorhythmicity, involuntary
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| Smooth Muscle Tissue | One nucleus, located in walls of hollow internal structures (arrector pili muscle) non striated, involuntary, some cells have autorhythmicity
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| What type of muscle shows the striation and autorhythmicity? | Cardiac Muscle
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| Functions of muscular tissue | producing body movement, stabilizing body position, storing and moving substances within body, producing heat
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| Endomysium | Surrounds individual muscle fibers
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| Perimysium | Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
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| Epimysium | outer, encircles the entire muscle belly (around each muscle)
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| Tendon | bone to bone
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| Sarcolemma | Plasma Membrane of muscle fiber
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| T tubules | conduct signals, continuous with the sarcolemma, impulses signal for the release of Ca2+ from adjacent terminal cisternae
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril
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| Terminal Cisterns | Form perpendicular cross channels, stores Ca2+ in a relaxed muscle fiber, release Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
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| Triad | T Tubule and the 2 terminal cisterns of the SR on either side of it form a triad
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| Myofibrils | Are NOT fascicles, contractile elements, make up most of the muscle volume
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| What proteins make up thick filaments? | Myosin
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| What proteins make up thin filaments? | Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin
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| A Band | dark band, entire length of thick filaments, part of thin filament
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| I Band | Light band, contains THIN filaments ONLY
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| H Zone | In the center of each A Band, contains thick but NOT thin filaments
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| M Line | Center of h zone
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| Z- Disc | Coin- shaped sheet proteins (connections) that anchors the thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another
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| Which segment contains thick filaments only? | H Zone
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| Which segment contains thin filaments only? | I Bnad
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| What is the contractile unit of muscle? | Sarcomere
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| During contraction, which segments are unchanged in length? | isometric contraction
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| During contraction, which segments are shortened? | concentric isotonic contraction
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| Isotonic Contraction | Tension remains almost constant while the muscle changes in length
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| Concentric Isotonic Contraction | Tension overcomes the resistance and the muscle shortens
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| Eccentric Isotonic Contraction | Tension slows the lengthening of the muscle so that the muscle lengthens as it contracts
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| Isometric Contraction | Muscle develops tension but does not shorten b/c the tension is not great enough to exceed the resistance
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| Muscle organization | Filaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle
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| Motor unit | Motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it supplies
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| Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma? | Motor end part of a muscle
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| Step 1 of Muscle Excitation | Action potential (nerve impulse) reaches the synaptic end bulbs of a motor neuron
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| Step 2 of Muscle Excitation | Triggers exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles
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| Step 3 of Muscle Excitation | Released ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft
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| Step 4 of Muscle Excitation | ACh binds to ACH receptors, allow inflow of Na+, initiating a muscle action potential
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| Step 5 of Muscle Excitation | Muscle action potential propagates along the sarcolemma through the T Tubule system to the SR
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| Step 6 of Muscle Excitation | Triggers Ca2+ release from terminal cisternae
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| Step 7 of Muscle Contraction | Ca2+ binds to troponin & causes: blocking action of tropomyosin to cease actin active binding sites to be exposed
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| Step 8 of Muscle Contraction | Myosin heads attach to thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere, and pulling thin filaments toward the M Line
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| Step 9 of Muscle Contraction | As thin filaments slide inward & meet at the center of a sarcomere, the Z discs come close together, sarcomere closes
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| Step 10 of Muscle Contraction | Hydrolysis of ATP powers this cycling process
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| Step 11 of Muscle Contraction | Ca2+ is removed into the SR, tropomyosin blockage is restored and the muscle fiber relaxes
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| Origin | Attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone (not movable)
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| Insertion | Attachment of a muscles tendon to the movable bone and skin
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| Lever | Rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum or fixed point
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| Effort | Force applied to a lever
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| Load | Resistance moved by the effort
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| Third class | (FEL) Effort applied between fulcrum and the load
Most common levers in the body
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| Prime Movers (Agonists) | Provide the major force for producing a specific movement
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| Antagonists | Oppose or reverse a particular movement (one contracts and one releases)
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| Synergists | work together, add force to a movement, reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement
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| Bicep brachia and triceps brachia are what? | antagonist
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| Sensation | conscious or subconscious of changes in the external or internal conditions of the body
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| Somatic Senses | touch, pressure, vibration, warm, cold, pain, and proprioceptive sensations
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| Special Senses | smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
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| Exteroceptors | located at or near body surface, provide information about external environment, convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal, and pain sensations
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| Interoceptors | in blood vessels, visceral organs, & nervous system, provide information about internal environment, impulses produced usually are not consciously perceived but occasionally may be felt as pain or pressure
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| proprioceptors | located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear. provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints and equilibrium
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| first-order neuron | carry signals from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord via cranial nerves or spinal nerves
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| second-order neuron | carry signals from the spinal cord and brain stem to the thalamus, axons of second-order neurons decussate to the opposite side BEFORE ascending to the thalamus
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| Third-order neuron | project from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory areas where conscious perception of sensations results
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| Where do decussation of sensory pathways occur? | second-order neuron
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| Does the decussation occur before or after the pathways reaches the thalamus? | before
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| Upper motor neurons | axons descend into the medulla where most of the axons decussate and terminate in nuclei of cranial nerves or in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord
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| Lower motor neurons | axons innervate skeletal muscles, since each LMN receives and integrates excitatory and inhibitory inut from many presynaptic neurons
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| tract | bundle of axons in white matter cns
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| nuclei | clusters of neuronal cell bodies in white matter
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| what 3 tracts belong to the director motor pathways? | lateral corticospinal tracts
anterior corticospinal tracts
corticobulbar tracts
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| Corticobulbar tracts | some axons of UMNs extend to the midbrain where they form the corticobulbar tracts in right & left cerebral peduncles
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| Function of corticobulbar tracts | control precise, voluntary movement of eyes, tongue, neck, chewing, facial expression, and speech
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| Lateral corticospinal tracts | most axons of the UMNs decussate in the medulla in the right and left lateral white columns of the spinal cord
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| Function of lateral corticospinal tracts | limbs, hand, and feet
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| Anterior corticospinal tracts | the axons in the UMNs that didn't cross over in the medulla but descend on the same side in the right and left anterior white columns
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| Indirect motor pathways | Involved in the coordination of movement
Help control gross movements of proximal limbs and trunk
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