Gr.9 Geography Exam
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| Plate Tectonics | The theory that the Earth’s outer shell is made up of individual plates that move, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the formation and destruction of areas of the crust.
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| Landform Regions Of Canada | Canadian Shield: Thin soils, forested land, good fertile soil
Lowlands: Flat land areas
Highlands: Mountainous areas with mountains and hills
Types:
Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, Appalachian, Great Lakes, Arctic, Hudson Bay
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| Vegetation Regions of Canada | Tundra
Boreal and Taiga
Deciduous
Mixed Forest
Cordillera
Grasslands
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| Climate regions of Canada | -Arctic
-Cordilleran
-South-Eastern
-Atlantic Maritime
-Pacific Maritime
-Prarie
-Boreal
-Taiga
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| Maritime Climate/Oceanic Climate | Climate in areas near an ocean. The annual temperature range (summer to winter) is small and the precipitation is high.
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| Continental Climate | Climate in areas far from an ocean. The annual temperature range is large and precipitation is low.
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| Windward Side (upwind) | The side or direction that the wind is blowing from. The moisture in the air then gets sucked out and forms a cloud. The cloud than cause rainfall on the windward side. This takes place in the mountain ranges.
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| Leeward Side (downwind) | The side or direction that the wind is coming onto after the moisture sucks out. This side is mainly warm and dry climate and it rarely rains on this side. This takes place in the mountain ranges.
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| Climate Graph (also known as a climograph) | A graph that summarizes climate data for a particular location.
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| Annual Temperature Range | The numerical difference between the minimum and maximum values of temperature observed in a given location during a period of time (e.g., in a given day, month, year, century) or the average (average of all temperature ranges in a period of time).
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| The Rock Cycle: Igneous Rocks | Igneous Rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. It cools down as it comes closer to the Earth’s surface.
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| The Rock Cycle: Sedimentary Rocks | Sedimentary Rocks:Process of weathering, erosion and deposition. Breaks down the rock, transports them to shores (using ice, water, wind, gravity) then nature’s pressure helps push the sediments together to form a rock.
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| The Rock Cycle: Metamorphic Rocks | Metamorphic Rocks form from igneous and sedimentary rocks which have a lot of heat and pressure exerted onto them. These naturally modified rocks are called sedimentary rocks.
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| Intrusive Rocks | Intrusive rocks are igneous rocks that form from crystallized magma beneath the earth's surface.
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| Extrusive Rocks | Extrusive refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out.
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| LOWERN Factors: L | L stands for Latitude. It means that depending on how close or how far it is to the equator, the climate differs.
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| LOWERN Factors: O | O stands for Ocean Currents. It means that certain ocean currents have different temperatures. Warm ocean currents warm the air above it, which warms the coast. Cold ocean currents cool the air above it, which cools the coast.
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| LOWERN Factors: W | W stands for Wind and Air Masses. It means heated ground causes air to rise which results in lower air pressure. As it rises it cools and descends to the ground resulting in high air pressure. This cycle repeats which creates wind.
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| LOWERN Factors: E | E stands for Elevation. It means the higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. When air rises it expands due to low air pressure which causes it to cool.
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| LOWERN Factors: R | R stands for Relief. As air is forced to rise over a piece of land (e.g. a mountain) the temperature decreases and condensation increases. Once the air mass goes over the mountain the temperature and evaporation increases but condensations decreases.
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| LOWERN Factors: N | N stands for Near Water. Water heats up and cools down slower than land does, having a moderating effect. On colder days, the water heats up the land, whereas on hotter days, the land is cooled down by the water. These areas experience maritime climate.
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| Parts of Soils | O: Loose and partially decayed organic matter
A: Mineral matter mixed with some humus
E: Zone of capillary and leaching action
B: Accumulation of clay, iron, and aluminium from above
C: Partially altered bedrock
R: Bedrock
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| Materials in Soil | Minerals
Organic Matter
Organisms
Air/Oxygen/Gases
Water
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| Leaching Action | The process by which soluble materials in the soil, such as salts, nutrients, pesticide chemicals or contaminants, are washed into a lower layer of soil or are dissolved and carried away by water.
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| Capillary Action | Capillary action enables soil moisture to move in any direction within the soil as water moves from wet areas to drier areas.
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| Coniferous Trees and Deciduous Trees | Coniferous Trees: A type of tree that produces cones and evergreen needles. Also, it doesn't shed annually.
Deciduous Trees: A tree or shrub shedding its leaves annually.
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| Types of Maps | Political Map
Physical Map
Topographic Map
Economic/Resource Map
Road Map
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| Parts of Map | The Scale of A Map
Symbols
Titles
Axis Labels
Legends
Color coded right
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| Population Distribution | The spread of people across the world.
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| Population Density | The number of people living in a particular area – usually 1 square mile or 1 square kilometre – and can be written as total population/land area.
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| Push Factor | A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country.
Education Rights
Healthcare
Safety
Strong Economy
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| Pull Factor | A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants.
Education Rights
Healthcare
Safety
Strong Economy
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| Refugee | Someone who moves to another country because of fear of cruel or inhumane treatment (even death) in his or her home country as a result of race, religion, sexual orientation, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.
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| Dependency Load | The percentage of the population that is non-working. It is conventionally defined as including people younger than the age of 15 and older than the age of 65.
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| Doubling Time | The length of time it takes for a country’s population to double at a particular population growth rate.
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| Periods Of High Immigration | The Great Migration of Canada (also known as The Great Migration from Britain)
A period of high immigration to Canada from 1815 to 1850, involving over 800,000 immigrants.
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| Periods Of Low Immigration | Reciprocity Treaty
Wasn’t economically stable once the Reciprocity Treaty got cancelled because they depended on the USA for all the support.
British and French War
There was a war and usually people don’t want to live in a country with lots of war.
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| Point Based Immigration System | Min of 67 points
English and/or French Skills-28 points
Education-25 points for University Degree
Experience-15 points for 6+ years of experience.
Age-between 18-35,maximum points are 12
Arranged Employment in Canada-10 points
Adaptability-10 points
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| Population Pyramid | A type of graph that shows population distribution by age and gender
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| Birth Rate | The number of births per year in a population per year per 1000 people.
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| Death Rate | The number of deaths per year in a population per year per 1000 people.
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| Immigrant Classes | Family: Coming to live closer to family
Economic: skilled workers and business people
Other: People accepted as immigrants for compassionate reasons
Refugees: people who are escaping persecution, torture or cruel and unusual punishment
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| Levels of Development in Countries | Developed
Developing
Newly Developing
Undeveloped
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| Official Development Assistance (ODA) | A financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries.
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| Demographic Transition Model | It shows/refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
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| Literacy Rate | The percentage of people who are able to read, write and use arithmetic vs those who are not able to
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| Percentage of Workers in Agriculture | The percentage of people working in a farming/agricultural business.
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| Sustained Yield Management | The process of managing a renewable resource to ensure that the amount harvested each year does not cause long term depletion of resource. The harvest is equal to or less than the amount replenished each year.
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| Waste Diversion | Processes that reduce the amount of waste that ends up going to landfills. These include source reduction (producing less waste in the first place), recycling, and reusing.
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| 3 R’s | Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
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| Renewable Resource | Resources that can be regenerated if used carefully
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| Non-Renewable Resource | Resources that are limited and can not be replaced once they are used up
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| Natural Resource | Things found in total stock that people find useful.
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| Resource | Anything that can be used to produce goods and services, such as raw materials, workers, money and land.
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| Aquaculture | Fish farming
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| Groundwater | Water held underground in tiny spaces in the soil or some types of rocks.
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| Intensive Farming | A way of producing large amounts of crops, by using chemicals and machines
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| Extensive Farming | An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
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| Clear Cutting | The process of cutting down and removing every tree from an area.
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| Selective Cutting | Cutting down of selected trees in a forest according to criteria regarding minimum tree size for harvesting, specifications of the number, spacing and size classes of residual trees per area, and allowable cut.
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| Inshore Fishing | Commercial fishing carried out close to shore in small, independently owned boats.
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| Offshore Fishing | Commercial fishing carried out farther from shore in large company owned boats.
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| Reasons for the collapse of the East Coast Fisheries | Over fishing
Poor technology
Relied on cod too much
Not giving the fish enough time to reproduce
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| Alternative Energy Source | Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel.
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| Fossil Fuels | A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
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| Types of Industry | Primary Industry-Provides the materials
Secondary industry-Uses the materials to create products Tertiary Industry-Provides the products to consumers
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| Low Density Living | A type of housing that looks like a large detached home on a very large residential block. These types of homes are often associated with rural residential areas where the housing density is very low.
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| Medium Density Living | A type of housing where more than one new home is constructed and each new home has its own, separate footprint on the land. These types of homes are the townhouse and unit development
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| High Density Living | A type of housing where more than one new home is constructed and each home does not have its own footprint on the land, rather the homes occupy airspace. These types of homes are apartments.
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| Suburban | A residential district located on the outskirts of a city.
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| Suburbia | The outer parts of a town, where there are houses, but no large shops, places of work, or places of entertainment.
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| Urbanization | Growth in the percentage of a country’s population that lives in cities and towns
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| Urban Sprawl | Largely uncontrolled expansion of cities onto adjacent rural lands
higher water and air pollution
increased traffic
higher taxes
harmful effects on human health
loss of natural habitats, wildlife and open space
increased car dependency
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| Land Use | Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Agricultural
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| Lower Order Goods and Services | Goods and services that are purchased frequently. Generally these goods and services are inexpensive.
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| Higher Order Goods and Services | Goods and services that are needed infrequently. These goods and services tend to be quite specialized and often costly.
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