9th Grade World Geography Semester 1 Exam Review
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| Types of Regions | Formal, functional, perceptual
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| Formal Region | a region with a defined, predetermined boundary
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| Functional Region | has a focal point (often a city) and is the organized space surrounding that central location linked by transportation and communication systems.
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| Perceptual Region | are defined by how people look at them
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| Latitude | an angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator
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| Longitude | the angular distance of point east or west of the prime meridian
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| Earth-sun relationship | solstice, equinox, tropics, arctic circle & antarctic circles
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| Solstice | one of the two times during the year when the sun is farthest north or south of the equator
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| Equinox | a day when day and night are the same length
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| Tropics | regions close to the equator
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| Arctic Circle | Top, North Pole
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| Antarctic Circle | bottom, South Pole
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| Biosphere | consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
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| Lithosphere | a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
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| Atmosphere | a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon
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| Hydrosphere | all the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
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| Factors affecting climate | wind belts, latitudes, ocean currents
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| Wind belts | winds are named by which direction they blow from the pole to the equator. They are the polar easterlies, the westerlies and the trade winds.
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| Latitudes | north to south
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| ocean currents | a movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern
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| orographic effect / rain shadow | the low rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain range's causing precipitation on the windward side
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| types of movement | globalization, spatial diffusion, physical barriers
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| Globalization | the way countries connect with each other, the way their governments, techniques, cultures, and economies interact
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| spatial diffusion | the spread or movement of a phenomenon over space and through time
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| physical barriers | keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body
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| Importance of rivers | population settlement and uses
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| Population settlement | a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon their population or some other criteria
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| uses of rivers | describing an action or state of affairs that was done repeatedly or existed for a period in the past
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| landforms | archipelago, plateau, fjord, peninsula, strait, delta, isthmus
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| archipelago | a group or chain of islands
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| plateau | a flat area of land that is higher than the land around it
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| fjord | a long, narrow inlet of the sea between cliffs or slopes
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| peninsula | a portion of land nearly surrounded by water
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| strait | a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two large bodies of water
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| delta | an area of land in which a river divides into smaller rivers and empties into a larger body of water.
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| isthmus | a narrow strip of land, bordered on both sides by water, connecting two larger bodies of land.
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| What is industrialization? | process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.
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| What region of the US was/is the center of industrialization? | Eastern Coast
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| What impact did industrialization have on population settlements? | larger population
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| What is subsistence agriculture? | farming that provides the basic needs of a family with little surplus
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| What is commercial agriculture? | growing large quantity of crops or livestock in order to sell them for a profit.
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| What is GIS? | Geographic Information Systems
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| Geographic Information System | a computer-based tool that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map
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| GPS | Global Positioning System
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| Global Positioning System | a navigational system that can determine absolute location by using satellites and receivers of earth
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| Setttlement Patterns (which latitudes do most people live in? Why?) | northern hemisphere, middle latitude, near water
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| Effects of El Nino | Heavy rain areas that are dry, and dry conditions in areas that usually have rain. Disrupts the fishing industry.
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| MDC | More Developed Countries
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| More Developed Countries | has high standard of living, wide spread infrastructure and is industrialized
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| LDC | Less Developed Countries
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| Less Developed Countries | has low standard of living, infrastructure is outdated and is reliant on agriculture.
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| What is geography? | the study of the human and physical processes and the way they shape the world
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| What is distortion? | maps...imperfections on a map due to projecting a 3-D object onto a 2-D surface
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| Types of plate movement | divergent, convergent, transform boundaries
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| Divergent plate movement | plates that slide a part from each other <---- ---->
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| Convergent plate movement | plates that slide together ---> <---
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| Transform boundaries | plates that slide next to each other v/ ^/
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| What is the Ring of Fire? | an area in the Pacific where the majority of the world's earthquakes and volcanic activity occurs.
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| What was Pangea? | super continent that formed 300 million years ago and started to break up and drift apart into pieces 200 million years ago
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| Weathering | the breaking down of rock and minerals into smaller pieces.
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| Erosion | the movement of smaller rock from one place to the other
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| climates/biomes | tundra, desert, deciduous forest, tropical rainforest
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| Tundra | very cold and minimal precipitation
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| Desert | dry with extreme temperature shifts between day and night
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| Deciduous Forest | moderate amounts of rain water and cooler, middle latitude temperatures
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| Tropical Rainforest | consistently heavy rains and hot temperatures
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| Main cause of global warming | increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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| What are trade organizations and what do they do for member countries? | increase interdependence, and make trade easier by lifting tariffs (examples NAFTA and EU)
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| Free market/enterprise | a system in which private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with limited government interference
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| Interdependence? How does this relate to EU? | a system in which private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with limited government interference. The members of EU act together promoting trade, peaceful relationships, common currency, etc
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| Communist economy type | all decisions made by government leaders; all businesses owned by community/government (i.e., China, Cuba, etc.)
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| Traditional economy type | agricultural based; did what ancestors did
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| Socialism economy type | Large businesses owned and run by government
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| Primary economic activity | sector where activities are related to the collection of natural resources
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| Secondary economic activity | involves activity related to the manufacturing or processing of resources
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| Tertiary economic activity | involves activity that sell and use products to provide services
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| quaternary economic activity | involves research and data processing
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| HDI | the UN ranking system for country development levels
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| NIC | a country that has begun transitioning from primarily manufacturing and industrial activity (i.e., South Africa, Mexico, China and Brazil)
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| What is the problem with scarcity? | We have unlimited wants and needs but with a limited amount of resources.
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