exam 1 defntons
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| insolation | incoming solar radiation
total solar radiation energy received on given surface area during given time
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| albedo | percent of insolation reflected
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| evapotranspiration | plant transpiration and sum of evaporation from earth's surfaces
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| global radiation balance | balance between incoming shortwave radiation from sun and outgoing longwave radiation from earth
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| latent heat | released when substance changes state
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| sensible heat | heat we can sense and feel
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| hydrosphere | water in all its forms
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| lithosphere | structural rock foundations on planet's surface
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| biosphere | earth's living plants and organisms
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| atmosphere | composed of gases that envelop and protect the planet
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| IPCC | 800+ scientists who study climate change by amassing data
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| aphelion | when earth is the furthest from the sun
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| periphelion | earth is closest to sun
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| longitude | horizontal lines
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| latitiude | vertical lines
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| circle of illumination | divides shadowed and lit hemisphere
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| solarday | defined by one complete rotation
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| solarnoon | time of highest solar angle
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| sextant | device used to find latitude
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| subsolar point | point when direct solar rays are 90 degrees
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| equinox | subsolar point @ equator causing 12 hour day and night everywhere
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| polar projection | map size decreases with latitude
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| mercator projection | map scale increases with latitude
longitude lines become parallel and straight
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| goode projection | sizes are correct and the shapes are distorted
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| GIS | computer system of collection storage analysis and display of spatial data
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| axial tilt | earths axis tilted relative to orbital plane
23.5 degrees
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| GPS | geometrically determines location
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| International Dateline | line from N to S pole showing change in calendar day 180th meridian
go west its the next day
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| earths rotation | 360 degrees
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| plane of the ecliptic | inclined at 23.5 degrees
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| royal observatory | location of prime meridian
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| prime meridian | where longitude is 0 degrees
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| parallelism | earths axis remains parallel as it revolves around the sun
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| solstice | equal 12 hour day and night at equator
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| electromagnetic radiation | emittes as collection of wavelengths
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| shortwave radiation | emitted by hot sun
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| longwave radiation | emitted by cooler earth
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| world latitude zones | based on:
insolation
variation in day length
seasonal variability
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| equatorial | 0 to 10
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| tropical | 10 to 25
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| subtropical | 25 to 35
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| midlatitude | 35 to 55
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| subartic | 55 to 60
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| artic | 60 to 75
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| polar | 75 to 90
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| snowball earth theory | albedo idea that earth was once giant frozen ball reflecting energy from the sun
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| tropospheric composition | nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide
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| counter radiation | long wave radiation from earth is absorbed into earth
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| scattering | direction of radiation scattered by atmospheric particles
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| absorption | radiaation absorbed into gas liquid or solid and heats up
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| effects of clouds | clouds make planet cooler by absorbing radiation
clouds make planet warmer by trapping heat in atmosphere
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| isobars | lines of equal temperature on a weather map
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