knee, ankle, foot
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal fibula, patella are _________ of the knee? | osteology
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| medial and lateral condyle are located _______ the medial and lateral epicondyle in the distal femur. | below
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| _________ lies between the articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur. | intercondylar notch
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| the path of contact of the patella is the ____________ | intercondylar groove
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| proximal tibia; on both sides of the tibia are________ and _________ condyles of the tibia. | medial and lateral
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| lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles are part of the __________ | intercondylar eminence
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| anterior surface of the tibia is the __________ | tibia tuberosity
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| the fibular head and tibia at the proximal fibula form what joint? | tibiofemoral joint
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| this firm, distal attachment of the LCL and biceps femoris muscle is what joint? | tibiofemoral joint
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| what type of bone is the patella? | seasmoid bone
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| the superior pole accepts the quadriceps at the ? | patella
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| the inferior pole accepts the proximal side of the patella ligament / tendon at the ? | patella
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| the posterior articular surface articulates with the ___________ of the femur through the medial and lateral facets. | intercondylar groove
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| the articulation between the tibia and femur is what type of joint? | tibiofemoral joint
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| the articulation between the patella and femur is what type of joint? | patellofemoral joint
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| tibiofemoral joint allows _____ degrees of freedom. | 2
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| tibiofemoral is what kind of joint? | condyloid joint
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| (flexion and extension )- on what plane of motion and axis of rotation does this motion occur? | medial- lateral , saggital
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| tibiofemoral hyperextension is ________ to __________ flexion. | 0-5 degrees (hyperextension ), 0-140 degrees (flexion)
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| (IR and ER)- on what plane of motion and axis of rotation does this motion occur and called axial rotation? | transverse , vertical
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| _________ arthrokinematics is based on the concave tibial condyles rotating around the convex condyles of the femur. | open-chain
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| _________ extension is based on a roll-and- slide pattern occurring in opposite directions. | closed-chain
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| ________ and ________ are accompanied by slight rotational movements. | flexion and extension
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| the knee nears full extension, the knee rotates externally about ________ degrees . | 10-15 degrees
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| automatic rotation assists in "locking" the knee is called the ? | screw- home mechanism
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| articulation formed between the posterior surface of the patella and the intercondylar groove of the femur is what type of joint? | patellofemoral joint
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| what joint improves the moment arm for the quadriceps ? | patellofemoral joint
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| after a patellectomy, the quadriceps must produce ____% more force. | 25%
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| an increased muscle force may cause fatigue , or damage to _________ joint. | patellofemoral joint
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| tibiofemoral open packed position is ______ degrees of flexion and _____ extention and ER. | 25 and full
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| the neck and the shaft of the femur are the ? | angle of inclination
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| what impact does the angle of inclination have on the knee? | knot kneed or bow legged
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| the femur usually meets the tibia to form a lateral angle of 170-175 . this is called ? | normal genu valgum
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| genu valgum for knot kneed is less than ______ degrees. | 170 degrees
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| genu varum for bow legged is greater than _______ degrees. | 180 degrees
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| cruciate means_______? | cross
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| this ligament resists anterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur. name the ligament? Also you can test this ligament by using the anterior draw test. | ACL
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| this ligament resists posterior translation of the tibia relative to a fixed femur. name the ligament? Also you can test this ligament by using the posterior draw test. | PCL
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| this ligament spans medial side of the knee and resists valgus producing forces : some fibers attach to the medial meniscus. name this ligament. | MCL
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| this ligament spans lateral side of the knee and resists varus producing forces. name this ligament? | LCL
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| this structure prevents hyperextension and includes 2 major ligaments: arcuate popliteal ligament and oblique popliteal ligament ( back of knee). what structure is this? | posterior capsule
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| crescent- shaped fibrocartilaginous discs. this is the _______ and ________ meniscus | medial and lateral
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| absorbs compressive forces across the knee caused by muscular contraction and body weight is the ______ and ________ meniscus. | medial and lateral
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| this structure reduces pressure across the knee and "deepens" the knee socket, further stabilizing the joint. what is this structure? | medial and lateral meniscus
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| the inner 1/3 essentially avascular ( no blood flow) is located in the ________ and ________ meniscus . | medial and lateral
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| meniscus connects to the ? | MCL
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| this nerve supplies sole source of innervation to the quadriceps . name the nerve. | femoral nerve
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| this nerve innervates the semitendinosus , semimembranosus , and long head of the biceps femoris . name the nerve. | sciatic nerve (tibia portion)
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| this nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris. name the nerve. | sciatic nerve ( peroneal portion)
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| this nerve innervates most of the hip adductor muscles. name the nerve. | obturator nerve
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| this angle describes overall line of force of the quadriceps relative to the knee. the normal is 15 degrees . what is this angle? | Q- angle
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| the larger the angle, the greater the lateral force on the patella. this is the ? | Q-angle
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| excessive lateral tracking of the patella increases pressure and friction within PFJ. name the angle. | Q-angle
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| ________ Q-angle is greater than men because of child bearing hips; greater pull on the knee. | women
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| rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius (deep) are knee______? | extensors
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| semimembranosus , semitendinosus , biceps femoris ( long and short heads), gracilis, sartorius , gastrocnemius , plantaris, and popliteal are all knee______ | flexors
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| unlocking the knee is associated with what muscle? | popliteal
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| semimembranosus , semitendinosus , gracilis , sartorius and popliteal are all knee______ | IR
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| long and short head of biceps femoris are both knee _______ | ER
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| squatting _______ the forces at the force at the PFJ due to the strong activation of the quadriceps . proper form is essential. | increase
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| when you squat, you feel pressure in your _______ | heels
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| what can result when one has tight hamstrings? | posterior pelvic tilt
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| How do you properly stretch the hamstrings ? | stabilize the pelvis, preventing excessive posterior pelvic tilt
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| you see this more in boys and fragments of immature bone are pulled from the tibia tuberosity . what disease is this ? | osgood- schiatter disease
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| MCL, LCL,PCL, and ACL can have ________ injury. | ligamentous
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| ACL (torque), MCL, and medial meniscus are all _________ | terrible triad
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| partial knee replacement is linked to a painful ________ | total knee replacement
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| unable to extend the knee through the last 15-20 degrees is _________ | extensor lag
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| ___________ of the knee knee flexors and they can be done by passively extending the knee. | clinical conditions
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| what makes the ankle and foot so incredible? | mobility and stabilize foundation
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| superior to the talus. name the bone. | distal tibia
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| distal tibia, distal fibula , tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges are all osteology of the _______ and _______ | foot and ankle
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| superior to calcaneus. name the bone. | distal fibula
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| inferior to the talus. name the bones. | tarsals
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| distal to the tarsals. name the bones. | metatarsals
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| distal to the metatarsals. name the bones. | phalanges
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| on the medial side of the tibia. name the bone. | medial malleolus
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| on the lateral side of the fibula. name the bone. | lateral malleolus
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| the membrane between the tibia and fibula. what is this structure? | interosseous membrane
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| anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments are located in the _______ and ______ of the tibia and fibula. | front and back
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| how many tarsal bones are there and name them. | 7, talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial , intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
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| the talus consists of a "tale cruel joint" called | trochlea
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| the calcaneus consists of 2 parts. what are they? | tuberosity and sustentaculum tali
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| the shaft to hold the talus in place is called? | sustentaculum tali
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| the 2nd Ray is more proximal because it has more? | stability
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| metatarsals have a base that is _______ and a shaft, head is _______. | concave and convex
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| what are the fundamental movements of the foot and ankle and what plan does this occur? | DF, PF, abduction, adduction (saggital plane)
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| this applied movement is combined movement of eversion, abduction, and DF. what is the movement? | pronation
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| this applied movement is combined movement of inversion, adduction and PF. what is the movement? | supination
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| name the 3 proximal joints of the ankle and foot. | talocrural, subtalar, transverse tarsal
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| name the 3 distal joints of the ankle and foot. | tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
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| created by the articulation between the trochlea (dome) of the talus and the concavity formed by the distal tibia and fibula. what is this structure? | mortise (talocrural joint)
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| 1 degree of freedom permitting ankle DF and PF. name the joint and what plane does the motion occur in? | talocrural joint and saggital plane
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| what are the normal ranges of talocrural joint DF and PF? | DF- 0-20 degrees and PF- 0-50,60 degrees
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| _________( talocrural joint ) DF and PF occur as the convex trochlea rolls and slides in _________ direction within the concave mortise. | open- chain / opposite
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| with the foot fixed, the concavity formed by the mortise rolls and slides in the _______ direction over the convex dome of the talus. this is _______. | same/ closed- chain
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| name 5 structures that support the talocrural joint. | interosseous membrane, anterior and posterior tibiofibial ligaments, deltoid ligament, LCL
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| binds distal tibiofibular joint and also is injuried in a high ankle sprain. name 2 ligaments. | anterior and posterior tibiofibial ligaments
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| this ligament has 3 fibers and limits what motion because it is a supporting structure of the talocrural joint. name the ligament and motion. | deltoid/ eversion
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| this ligament is composed of anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular and also limits what motion because it is a supporting structure of the talocrural joint. name the ligament and motion. | LCL/ inversion
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| ______ is the most strongest ligament in the body | LCL
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| what is the most and least stable position of the talocrural joint? | DF(most stable), PF (least stable)
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| articulation between the facets on the inferior surface of the talus and matching facets on the superior surface of the calcaneus. name the joint and what type of joint. | subtalar joint (plane joint)
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| allows combined motions of inversion/ adduction and eversion/ abduction of foot. name the joint. | subtalar joint
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| what are the normal values for inversion and eversion of the subtalar joint? | inversion- 0- 25, 30 and eversion 0-15
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| lateral malleolus limits what motion? | eversion
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| when looking from the back, calcaneal valgus is more to the____? | right
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| when looking from the back, calcaneal varus is more to the ____? | left
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| consists of the talonavicular and caicaneocuboid joints and also permits the most pure form of pronation and supination. name his tarsal. | transverse tarsal (midtarsal )joint
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| articulation of the metatarsal bases with the distal surfaces of 3 cuneiforms and cuboid (4th and 5th metatarsals) and is the 2nd most stable due to osseous anatomy. name this joint. | tarsometatarsal joint (distal joint of foot)
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| formed between the convex head of the metatarsals and the shallow concavity of the proximal phalanges. name the joint. | metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
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| biaxial condyloid joins and how many degrees of freedom are there? | Metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)/ 2
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| what are the normal ranges of the 1st MTP motion? | DF- 90 degrees (closed pack position ) and PF- 0-30,35 degrees
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| flexion/ extension and abduction/ adduction is reference for the___ toe. | 2nd
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| each toe has a proximal and distal interphalangeal joint with the exception of the great toe. name this joint. | interphalangeal joint
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| what type of joint, motion and normal ranges of motion occur for the interphalangeal joint? | hinge/ DF and PF/ 0 degrees or neutral position
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| talocrural joint open packed position ________ and closed packed position _______. | open packed - mid inversion/ eversion and 10 degrees PF and closed packed- full DF
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| subtalar joint open packed postion_______ and closed packed postion ________. | open packed -mid inversion/ eversion and 10 degrees PF and closed packed- full inversion
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| midtarsal joint open packed postion_________ and closed packed postion_________. | open packed -mid inversion / eversion and 10 degrees PF and closed packed - full supination
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| MTP open packed postion ________ and closed packed________. | open packed - neutral and closed packed - full extension
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| IP open packed postion________ and closed packed _______. | open packed- slight flexion and closed packed -full extension
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| ______ muscles of the foot are arranged into anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. | extrinsic
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| each carport net is innervated by the tibial or common peroneal nerve arising from the sciatic nerve. what type of muscle is this? | extrinsic
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| tibial nerve bifurcated into the medial and lateral plantar nerves. what type of muscle is this? | intrinsic
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| these nerves innervate all intrinsic muscles of the foot , except for the extentensor digitorum brevis ( innervated by deep branch of peroneal nerve). what type of muscle is this? | intrinsic
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| ______ muscles have both proximal and distal attachments within the foot. | intrinsic
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| muscles have proximal attachments within the lower leg or distal femur, and or distal attachments within the foot. | extrinsic
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| ________ provide static control, dynamic thrust, and shock absorption to the distal lower extremity. | muscles
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| name 3 extrinsic muscles of the foot and ankle. | anterior , lateral, posterior compartment
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| tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius are muscles of what compartment ? | anterior compartment
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| peroneus longus and peroneus brevis are both apart of what compartment ? | lateral compartment
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| gastrocnemius , soleus, and plantaris are in the superficial group (triceps sure) and all apart of what compartment ? | posterior compartment
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| tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus are in the deep group and all part of what compartment ? | posterior compartment
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| ____ muscles that originate and insert within the foot are largely responsible for the actions of the toes. | intrinsic
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| as a group these muscles stabilize the foot during push-off phase of walking or running. name the muscle group. | intrinsic
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| dorsum foot muscles includes extensor digitorum brevis is in the ______ muscle group. | intrinsic
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| instrinsic foot muscles (plantar aspect) : flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi are part of the ______ layer. | 1st
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| intrinsic foot muscles (plantar aspect) : quadratus plantae and four lumbricals are part of the _______ layer. | 2nd
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| intrinsic foot muscles (plantar aspect): adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, and flexor digit minimi are part of the ______ layer. | 3rd
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| intrinsic foot muscles (plantar aspect): dorsal and plantar interossei are part of the ______ layer. | 4th
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| ___ is composed of primarily slow-twitch muscle fibers best equipped for standing or controlling "postural sway". (1 joint) | soleus
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| ______ is composed of more fast- twitch muscle fibers best equipped for sprinting and jumping. (2 joint) | gastrocnemius
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| _______ functions as a second class lever system, providing a mechanical system that favors strength over speed and range of motion. large moment arm of the gastrocnemius .( rising up on toes) | plantar flexors
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| a condition that may affect muscles attached to the medial and posterior sides of the tibia. name the condition. | shin splints
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| MTSS stands for? | Medial Tense Stress Syndrome
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| if the dorsiflexors are untrained or the mechanics of the foot and ankle are faulty, these muscles may become inflamed through overuse. name the condition . | shin splints
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| excessive pronation of the foot during running or walking often excerbates or contributes to _______. | shin splints
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| lateral sprains more common than medial sprains (distal fibula- lateral malleolus ). what type of sprain. | ankle sprain
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| why are lateral sprains more common than medial sprains? | lateral ligaments are thinner than medial ligaments
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| ankle dislocation, bi- malleolar or tri- malleolar are conditions of the ______ and _______. | foot and ankle
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| precursor to rupture of Achilles tendon. name the condition. | Achilles tendinitis
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| pain in the heel, worse upon waking in the morning and the plantar facia supports the medial longitudinal arch and acts as a shock absorber. name the condition. | plantar fasciitis
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| foot "drops" into plantar flexion as leg is advanced during swing phase of gait. name the condition . | drop foot
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| in order to prevent foot from dragging, often a "high stepping" gait is performed that appears like stepping over an imaginary obstacle. name the condition. | drop foot
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| deformity where the distal end points laterally (bunyon). name the condition. | hallucis valgus
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| DJD of the 1st MTP joint. name the condition . | hallucis rigidus
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| PIP flexed, DIP extended. name the condition. | hammer toe
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| PIP extended, DIP flexed. name the condition . | mallet toe
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| both PIP and DIP are flexed. name the condition . | claw toe
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| pain at the metatarsal heads (any pain in the region) .name the condition. | metatarsaigia
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| pressure on the plantar digital nerves ( high heels). name the condition . | Morton's Neuroma
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| traumatic hyperextension of 1st MTP. name the condition . | turf toe
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