Goljan High Yield
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| PO2 | show 🗑
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| show | percent heme groups occupied by O2
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| Cyanosis | show 🗑
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| Oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | inadequate O2 leads to ATP depletion
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| Ischemia | show 🗑
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| show | retention of CO, always decreases PaO2
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| Ventilation defect | show 🗑
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| show | absent blood flow to alveoli; increased alveolar dead space (e.g., pulmonary embolus)
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| show | O2 cannot cross alveolar-capillary interface; interstitial lung disease (e.g., sarcoidosis)
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| Methemoglobin | show 🗑
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| Clinical methemoglobinemia | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ SaO2; left-shift O2 binding curve; inhibits cytochrome oxidase
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| Causes carbon monoxide poisoning | show 🗑
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| show | headache; cherry red color skin
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| Cyanide | show 🗑
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| Carbon monoxide + cyanide poisoning | show 🗑
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| Left-shifted O2 curve | show 🗑
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| Right-shifted O2 curve | show 🗑
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| High altitude | show 🗑
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| Mitochondrial poisons | show 🗑
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| show | drain off protons; dinitrophenol, thermogenin (brown fat)
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| Complication mitochondrial poisons/uncoupling agents | show 🗑
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| show | impaired Na+/K+ ATPase pump (cellular swelling); reversible
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| show | ATP synthesis in hypoxia; lactate ↓ intracellular pH, denatures proteins
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| Irreversible injury hypoxia | show 🗑
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| show | release cytochrome c activates apoptosis
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| show | ↑ cytosolic Ca2+ activates phospholipase, proteases, endonuclease
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| Free radicals | show 🗑
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| show | superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxide, drugs (acetaminophen)
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| show | neutralizes superoxide
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| show | neutralizes peroxide, drug FRs
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| Catalase | show 🗑
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| show | indigestible lipid of lipid peroxidation; brown pigment increased in atrophy and FR damage
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| show | superoxide FRs + calcium
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| show | cytochrome c in cytosol initiates apoptosis
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| SER hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | increases drug metabolism (e.g., oral contraceptives); low vitamin D
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| show | membrane protein defect in transferring lysosomal enzymes to phagocytic vacuoles
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| show | AR; giant lysosomes
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| I cell disease | show 🗑
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| Rigor mortis | show 🗑
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| show | MCC alcohol (increase in NADH); DHAP → G3P → TG
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| show | VLDL pushes nucleus to side
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| Causes fatty change | show 🗑
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| Fatty change in kwashiorkor | show 🗑
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| Ferritin | show 🗑
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| Hemosiderin | show 🗑
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| Atrophy | show 🗑
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| Brain atrophy | show 🗑
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| show | duct obstruction by thick secretions
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| Labile cells | show 🗑
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| Stable cells | show 🗑
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| Permanent cells | show 🗑
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| Hypertrophy | show 🗑
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| show | increased preload (valve regurgitation), increased afterload (hypertension, aortic stenosis)
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| show | pulmonary hypertension
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| show | prostate hyperplasia constricts urethra
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| Removal of kidney | show 🗑
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| show | increase in number of cells
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| Endometrial hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | increased EPO (blood loss, ectopic secretion, high altitude)
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| Prostate hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | hyperplasia male breast tissue; normal in newborn, adolescent, elderly
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| Metaplasia | show 🗑
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| Squamous metaplasia in bronchus | show 🗑
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| Intestinal metaplasia in stomach | show 🗑
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| show | Schistosoma hematobium infection
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| show | glandular metaplasia of distal esophagus; due to GERD
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| Dysplasia | show 🗑
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| show | human papilloma virus
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| show | smoking
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| Necrosis | show 🗑
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| Coagulation necrosis | show 🗑
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| Infarction | show 🗑
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| Liquefactive necrosis | show 🗑
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| Caseous necrosis | show 🗑
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| Granulomas | show 🗑
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| show | γ-interferon released by CD4 T cells activates macrophages
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| show | fusion of epithelioid cells
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| Granulomas | show 🗑
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| show | associated with pancreatitis; soap formation (Ca2+ + fatty acids)
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| show | necrosis of immune reactions (immune vasculitis/endocarditis)
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| Postmortem necrosis | show 🗑
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| show | calcification of damaged tissue; normal serum calcium
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| Dystrophic calcification | show 🗑
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| show | calcification of normal tissue; increased serum calcium or phosphorus
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| Nephrocalcinosis | show 🗑
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| S/S nephrocalcinosis | show 🗑
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| Apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | mullerian inhibitory factor, tumor necrosis factor, hormone withdrawal
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| Signal modulators of apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | anti-apoptosis gene; prevents cytochrome c from leaving mitochondria
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| Caspases | show 🗑
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| show | eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic (ink dot) nucleus
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| Apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | key chemical in acute inflammation; mast cell; arteriole vasodilation; ↑ venular permeability
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| Rubor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | heat; arteriole vasodilation (histamine)
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| show | swelling; ↑ vessel permeability (histamine)
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| Dolor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophil dominant; ↑ IgM
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| Initial vessel events | show 🗑
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| show | due to selectins
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| show | neutrophil adhesion molecules; C5a and leukotriene B, activate; neutrophil margination
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| CD11/CD18 | show 🗑
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| show | activated by IL-1 and TNF
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| ICAM | show 🗑
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| show | vascular cell adhesion molecule Leukocyte adhesion molecule defect
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| Activation neutrophil adhesion molecules | show 🗑
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| Activation neutrophil adhesion molecules | show 🗑
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| show | directed movement; C5a and LTB4
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| show | IgG, C3b; enhance phagocytosis
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| Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages | show 🗑
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| O2-dependent MPO system | show 🗑
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| ProductionofsuperoxidefromO2 | show 🗑
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| Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) | show 🗑
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| show | converts superoxide to peroxide
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| show | lysosomal enzyme that combines peroxide + Cl to form bleach (HOCl)
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| show | chronic granulomatous disease childhood (XR), myeloperoxidase deficiency (AR)
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| show | absent NADPH oxidase; no respiratory burst
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| show | Staphylococcus aureus not killed (catalase positive)
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| show | Streptococcus killed (catalase negative)
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| Myeloperoxidase deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia (XR, decreased IgG)
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| Phagocytosis defect | show 🗑
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| show | non-steroidals (non-selective), selective COX-2 inhibitors
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| PGE2 | show 🗑
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| PGI2 | show 🗑
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| show | vasodilator; FR gas from conversion arginine to citrulline
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| show | fever, synthesis acute phase reactants in liver, leukocytosis
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| show | stimulated by IL-1; stimulates synthesis of acute phase reactants
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| show | fibrinogen, ferritin, C-reactive protein
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| show | kinin produced in conversion of factor XII to factor XI
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| Bradykinin | show 🗑
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| show | C3a and C5a; directly stimulate mast cell release of histamine
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| show | synthesized by endothelial cells; vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation
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| Lipoxygenase | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits lipoxygenase
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| show | block lipoxygenase receptor
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| LTC4, -D4, -E4 | show 🗑
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| show | synthesized by platelets; platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction
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| Dipyridamole | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits phospholipase A2, activation neutrophil adhesion molecules
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| show | neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
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| Fever | show 🗑
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| show | monocyte/macrophage; ↑ IgG; repair by fibrosis
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| show | cellular immunity; macrophages interact with TH1 class cells (memory cells)
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| Positive PPD | show 🗑
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| show | abscess; Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase)
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| Cellulitis | show 🗑
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| Pseudomembranous inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | key checkpoint G1 to S phase
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| show | arrests cell in G1 phase for DNA repair or apoptosis
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| show | stimulates apoptosis; activated by TP53 suppressor gene if too much DNA damage
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| Extracellular matrix | show 🗑
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| show | cell must be capable of duplication, no damage to basement membrane
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| show | end-product of repair by connective tissue
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| show | triple helix of cross-linked α chains
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| Collagen | show 🗑
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| show | bones, tendons
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| show | early wound repair
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| show | basement membrane
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| show | epiphyseal plate
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| Laminin | show 🗑
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| show | key interstitial matrix glycoprotein
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| show | basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor
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| Key event in wound repair | show 🗑
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| show | becomes scar tissue
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| Collagenases | show 🗑
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| Tensile strength of healed wound | show 🗑
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| show | infection (MCC S. aureus), zinc deficiency, DM
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| show | defects in collagen synthesis and structure; hyperelasticity
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| show | ↓ collagen tensile strength by decreasing cross-links at points of hydroxylation
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| Keloid | show 🗑
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| show | exuberant granulation tissue; bleeds when touched
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| show | clean wound; appose wound margins with suture
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| show | infected wound; leave wound open; myofibroblasts important
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| Liver injury | show 🗑
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| show | type II pneumocyte repair cell
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| show | astrocyte and microglial cell repair cells; gliosis
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| show | neutrophilic leukocytosis, left shift, toxic granulation
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| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | show 🗑
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| C-reactive protein | show 🗑
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| Polyclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
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| show | ECF (plasma, interstitial fluid) + ICF (cytosol)
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| show | H20 shift between ECF and ICF; controlled by serum Na+ and glucose
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| show | increased fluid in interstitial space or body cavities; transudate, exudate, lymph
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| show | protein and cell-poor fluid in interstitial space/body cavity; alteration Starling’s forces
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| show | oncotic pressure (albumin) keeps fluid in vessels, hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out
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| Pitting edema | show 🗑
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| ↑ Hydrostatic pressure | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ hydrostatic pressure and ↓ oncotic pressure
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| Causes of renal retention of sodium/water | show 🗑
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| show | kwashiorkor; nephrotic syndrome; cirrhosis
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| show | ↓ oncotic pressure, ↑ hydrostatic pressure
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| Exudate | show 🗑
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| Lymphedema | show 🗑
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| Thrombus | show 🗑
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| Venous thrombus | show 🗑
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| show | anticoagulants that prevent venous clot formation
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| Arterial thrombus | show 🗑
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| Aspirin | show 🗑
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| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
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| show | majority from left heart
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| Fat embolus | show 🗑
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| Amniotic fluid embolism | show 🗑
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| show | 1 atmosphere pressure increase with 33 foot descent into water; N2 gas dissolved in tissue
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| Decompression sickness | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary embolus
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| show | spontaneous pneumothorax
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| show | ↓ CO and LVEDP; ↑ PVR
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| Cardiogenic shock | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ CO (↑ venous return); ↓ PVR (vasodilation)
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| show | most susceptible organ in shock; straight portion proximal tubule most susceptible
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| Shock complications | show 🗑
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| Tumors | show 🗑
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| show | epithelial (e.g., adenoma) or connective tissue (e.g., lipoma, leiomyoma)
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| show | epithelial origin; squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma
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| Basal cell carcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | lower lip, oral pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, skin, cervix
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| Adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
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| Transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | malignancy of connective tissue origin; e.g., osteogenic sarcoma (bone)
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| Liposarcoma | show 🗑
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| show | MC sarcoma in children
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| Teratoma | show 🗑
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| show | normal tissue, normal site; bronchial hamartoma, Peutz Jeghers polyp
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| show | normal tissue aberrant tissue location; pancreatic tissue stomach wall
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| show | different morphologic patterns, same germ cell layer; pleomorphic adenoma parotid
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| show | malignancy of stem cells in bone marrow
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| show | malignancy of lymph nodes
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| show | stomach (MC), Peyer’s patches
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| show | invade and metastasize; benign tumors do not
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| show | increases telomere length; found in all neoplastic cells
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| show | key finding in neoplastic vs. normal cells
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| show | intercellular adhesion; lose adhesion in malignant cells
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| show | receptors for laminin (basement membrane), fibronectin (ECM)
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| Invasion enzyme | show 🗑
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| Angiogenesis | show 🗑
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| Metastasis | show 🗑
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| show | lymph node -> hematogenous
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| show | renal cell carcinoma (renal vein, vena cava), hepatocellular carcinoma
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| show | hematogenous
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| Seeding | show 🗑
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| show | lung, bone, brain, liver, adrenal
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| Sites where primary cancer more common than metastasis | show 🗑
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| show | osteoblastic (radiodense); osteolytic (radiolucent)
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| Bone sites metastasis | show 🗑
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| show | prostate cancer; increased serum AP, hypercalcemia
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| Osteolytic metastasis | show 🗑
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| EM neurosecretory granules | show 🗑
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| EM thin and thick myofilaments | show 🗑
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| EM Birbeck granules | show 🗑
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| Primary prevention | show 🗑
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| show | leukemia (MC), CNS tumors, Burkitt’s, Ewing’s, neuroblastoma
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| Cancer vaccine | show 🗑
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| Cancer incidence men | show 🗑
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| show | breast → lung → colorectal
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| Cancer mortality men | show 🗑
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| show | lung → breast → colorectal
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| Gynecologic cancers | show 🗑
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| show | decreased incidence of cervical cancer; detects cervical dysplasia
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| Malignant melanoma | show 🗑
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| Southeast China | show 🗑
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| show | hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV + aflatoxin)
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| Japan | show 🗑
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| Africa | show 🗑
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| show | risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
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| Chronic irritation sinus orifices, third degree burn scars | show 🗑
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| show | risk factor for SCC
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| Scar tissue in lung | show 🗑
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| Regenerative nodules in cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| Complete hydatidiform mole | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for malignant melanoma
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| UVB light | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for Kaposi’s sarcoma
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| show | MC risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for larynx (SCC), lung cancers
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| show | MC risk factor for mesothelioma
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| Barrett’s esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
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| Tubular adenoma, villous adenoma | show 🗑
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| HBV and HCV | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for liver angiosarcoma
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| show | MC risk factor for gallbladder adenocarcinoma
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for renal cell carcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for urinary bladder
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| HPV + lack of circumcision | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for prostate adenocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for seminoma
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| Age >50 with excess estrogen exposure | show 🗑
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| HPV 16/18 | show 🗑
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| DES | show 🗑
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| Nulliparity | show 🗑
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| Complete mole | show 🗑
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| Turner syndrome (XO) | show 🗑
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| show | gonadoblastoma of ovary
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| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for medullary carcinoma thyroid
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| show | MC risk factor for malignant lymphoma thyroid
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| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| EBV | show 🗑
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| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| EBV | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for T cell leukemia/lymphoma
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| Bacterial causes of cancer | show 🗑
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| Parasitic causes of cancer | show 🗑
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| Carcinogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | proto-oncogenes, suppressor genes, anti-apoptosis genes
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| show | point mutation MC, translocation, amplification (↑ copies), overexpression (↑ activity)
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| Translocations | show 🗑
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| show | TP53 suppressor gene, RAS protooncogene
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| show | inactivates suppressor genes (e.g., TP53), activates proto-oncogenes (e.g., RAS)
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| Amplification | show 🗑
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| Overexpression | show 🗑
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| show | function-growth factor synthesis; mutation-overexpression
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| ERB-B2 POC | show 🗑
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| show | function-GTP signal transduction; point mutation; 30% of all human cancer
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| show | function-non-receptor tyrosine kinase activity; translocation (9;22) causing CML
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| MYC POC | show 🗑
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| show | majority are point mutations; loss of suppression
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| Sporadic retinoblastoma | show 🗑
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| AD retinoblastoma | show 🗑
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| TP53 suppressor gene functions | show 🗑
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| Inactivation TP 53 suppressor gene | show 🗑
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| RB suppressor gene function | show 🗑
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| Inactivation RB suppressor gene | show 🗑
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| APC suppressor gene function | show 🗑
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| show | familial polyposis (FAP)
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|
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| show | DNA repair Inactivation
🗑
|
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| BRCA 1/2 suppressor genes | show 🗑
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| BCL-2 function | show 🗑
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| BCL-2 gene | show 🗑
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| Xeroderma pigmentosum | show 🗑
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| show | AD; inactivation DNA mismatch genes; colorectal cancer
🗑
|
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| Chromosome instability syndromes | show 🗑
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| Examples chromosome instability | show 🗑
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| Carcinogens | show 🗑
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| show | key chemical carcinogen (cigarette smoke)
🗑
|
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| Aflatoxins | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lung cancer, mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Aniline dyes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vinyl chloride | show 🗑
|
||||
| Benzene | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cyclophosphamide | show 🗑
|
||||
| EBV | show 🗑
|
||||
| HBV and HCV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cervical, penis, and anorectal squamous cancers
🗑
|
||||
| HHV-8 | show 🗑
|
||||
| UVB cancers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cytotoxic CD8 T cells (type IV hypersensitivity)
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to tumor necrosis factor-α
🗑
|
||||
| Most common anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercoagulability
🗑
|
||||
| Most common COD in cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acanthosis nigricans, seborrheic keratoses; possible markers for gastric adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Clubbing | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis mitral valve | show 🗑
|
||||
| TNM staging | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors
🗑
|
||||
| PSA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | recurrence colorectal cancer
🗑
|
||||
| BJ (Bence-Jones) protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | choriocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | medullary carcinoma thyroid; hypocalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ADH (hyponatremia), ACTH (ectopic Cushing’s)
🗑
|
||||
| show | EPO (polycythemia), PTH-related peptide (hypercalcemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | calcitonin (hypocalcemia), ACTH (ectopic Cushing’s)
🗑
|
||||
| show | PTH-related peptide (hypercalcemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesized in peritubular capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| Reticulocyte count | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hematopoiesis outside bone marrow (e.g., spleen)
🗑
|
||||
| Newborn physiologic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hb and Hct decreased; greater increase in plasma volume than RBC mass
🗑
|
||||
| show | normal O2 saturation and arterial PO2
🗑
|
||||
| MCV | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCHC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ in microcytic anemias; ↑ in spherocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Thalassemias | show 🗑
|
||||
| RDW | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mature RBC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ iron deficiency; ↓ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ iron deficiency, anemia chronic disease; ↑ sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ iron deficiency; ↑ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia; normal thalassemia
🗑
|
||||
| Microcytic anemias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency child | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC menorrhagia
🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency man < 50 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ferritin; ↓ Fe and % saturation, ↑ TIBC; normocytic then microcytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Anemia chronic disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| α-Thalassemia trait | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbH disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hb Bart’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| β-Thalassemia minor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nonsense mutation with stop codon; hemolytic anemia; ↑↑ HbF, ↑ HbA2
🗑
|
||||
| Sideroblastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes sideroblastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pb poisoning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | growth retardation; Pb in epiphyses (lead lines); abdominal colic; encephalopathy
🗑
|
||||
| S/S Pb poisoning adult | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab Pb poisoning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transfers methyl group to homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| R factor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | involved in propionate metabolism; end-product succinyl CoA
🗑
|
||||
| Causes B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune destruction parietal cells; chronic gastritis body/fundus; achlorhydria; ↑ gastrin
🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol MCC, poor diet, drugs, malabsorption, pregnancy, goat milk
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs and folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal conjugase in folate metabolism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Jejunal uptake of monoglutamate form of folate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by methotrexate, trimethoprim
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by 5-fluorouracil
🗑
|
||||
| Folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab in B12/folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ gastrin (pernicious anemia), ↑ methylmalonic acid
🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of intrinsic factor | show 🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of antibiotics | show 🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of pancreatic extract | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initially normal Hb and Hct; 0.9% saline uncovers RBC deficit
🗑
|
||||
| Aplastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pancytopenia; hypocellular bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| show | normocytic; decreased EPO
🗑
|
||||
| Extravascular hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ serum haptoglobin; hemoglobinuria; hemosiderinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital spherocytosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normocytic anemia; dense RBCs, ↑ MCHC, ↑ osmotic fragility
🗑
|
||||
| PNH | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S PNH | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes of sickling | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibits sickling; hydroxyurea ↑ HbF
🗑
|
||||
| show | vasoocclusive crises, hemolytic anemia (extravascular)
🗑
|
||||
| HbSS children | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Salmonella paratyphi
🗑
|
||||
| show | aplastic crisis (parvovirus B-19), acute chest syndrome, autosplenectomy, calcium bilirubinate gallstones, priapism, aseptic necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | microhematuria from sickling in renal medulla; renal papillary necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Hb electrophoresis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blood findings in HbSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Heinz bodies (denatured Hb; special stain); bite cells
🗑
|
||||
| Pyruvate kinase deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IgG; extravascular hemolysis; e.g., SLE, drugs
🗑
|
||||
| show | IgM intravascular hemolysis; e.g., CLL, Mycoplasma
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drug alters Rh antigens; IgG antibody against Rh antigens (type II hypersensitivity)
🗑
|
||||
| Quinidine | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings AIHA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mechanical damage causing intravascular hemolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | aortic stenosis (MCC), DIC, TIP, HUS
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral blood findings micro/macro hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Malaria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exaggerated WBC response to infection; usually due to infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | marrow infiltrative disease peripheralizes myeloblasts/nucleated RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| show | bone metastasis MCC, myelofibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | type I hypersensitivity (e.g., penicillin reaction); invasive helminthic infection
🗑
|
||||
| Helminthes not producing eosinophilia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mononucleosis; CMV; toxoplasmosis; viral hepatitis; phenytoin
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to EBV; EBV attaches to CD21 receptors on B cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | exudative tonsillitis, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings mono | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | T cell deficiencies (HIV); combined B/T deficiency (adenine deaminase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| show | viral infections, whooping cough
🗑
|
||||
| show | lymphopenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic MPD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ plasma volume; ↑ RBC count; normal RBC mass
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ RBC count and RBC mass
🗑
|
||||
| Appropriate polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes of appropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal plasma volume; ↑ RBC mass; ↓ SaO2; ↑ EPO
🗑
|
||||
| Inappropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ectopic secretion EPO, polycythemia vera
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ plasma volume and RBC mass; normal SaO2; ↓ EPO
🗑
|
||||
| Ectopic EPO (renal cell carcinoma) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myelofibrosis myeloid metaplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings in myelofibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MPO with increase in abnormal appearing platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | severe anemia in elderly; 30% develop leukemia; ringed sideroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| show | aplastic anemia; acute leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ALL, newborn-14; AML, 15-60; CML, 40-60; CLL, >60
🗑
|
||||
| Acute vs. chronic leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| AML | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute promyelocytic leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute monocytic leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| CML | show 🗑
|
||||
| ALL | show 🗑
|
||||
| ALL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | B cell neoplasm; ↓ γ-globulins; MCC generalized lymphadenopathy patients> 60-yrs-old
🗑
|
||||
| show | HTLV-1; CD4 T cells; skin infiltration; lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | positive TRAP stain; splenomegaly; Rx with purine nucleosides
🗑
|
||||
| Nodal sites | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasizes to para-aortic nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Stomach cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Phenytoin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cat scratch disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | t(14;18); overexpression of BCL-2 anti-apoptosis gene
🗑
|
||||
| show | t(8;14); EBV association; common childhood NHL; “starry sky” appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Extra nodal lymphomas | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycosis fungoides | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sezary syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Polyclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Monoclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Confirmatory tests | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bence Jones protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | M spike; lytic bone lesions; pathologic fractures; hypercalcemia; renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| MGUS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Findings in MGUS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stage of disease and type of Hodgkin’s most important factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ risk for second malignancies (leukemia; NHL)
🗑
|
||||
| Langerhan’s histiocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant histiocytosis <2 yrs old; diffuse eczematous rash; organ involvement
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant; lytic skull lesions, diabetes insipidus, exophthalmos
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign histiocytosis; lytic bone lesions with pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| show | release histamine (pruritus; swelling); metachromatic granules positive with toluidine blue
🗑
|
||||
| Urticaria pigmentosum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | twisted β-sheet; apple green birefringence with Congo red
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amyloidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AA amyloid derived from serum-associated amyloid; chronic infections
🗑
|
||||
| show | amyloid precursor protein gene product chromosome 21; amyloid-β
🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophages have fibrillary appearance; deficiency glucocerebrosidase
🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophages have soap bubble appearance; deficiency sphingomyelinase
🗑
|
||||
| show | splenomegaly; peripheral blood cytopenias; portal hypertension MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | Howell Jolly bodies; susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| Anticoagulants | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enhances ATIII activity (neutralizes all factors except V, VIII, fibrinogen)
🗑
|
||||
| Protein C/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coagulation factors, thromboxane A2 (platelet aggregation, vasoconstrictor)
🗑
|
||||
| Protein C and S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complexes with factor VIII to enhance VIII:C activity; platelet adhesion
🗑
|
||||
| Platelets | show 🗑
|
||||
| GpIb | show 🗑
|
||||
| GpIIb:IIIa | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | VII
🗑
|
||||
| Intrinsic system factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | X, V, prothrombin (II), fibrinogen (I)
🗑
|
||||
| show | cross-links insoluble fibrin; strengthens fibrin clots
🗑
|
||||
| show | prothrombin, VII, IX, X, protein C and S
🗑
|
||||
| Factors consumed in a clot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cleaves fibrinogen and insoluble fibrin into degradation products
🗑
|
||||
| show | evaluates platelet function (adhesion, release reaction, aggregation)
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of a prolonged bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| show | ristocetin cofactor assay; vWF antigen assay; agar electrophoresis
🗑
|
||||
| show | evaluates extrinsic pathway to fibrin clot
🗑
|
||||
| PTT | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fibrinolysis tests | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cannot form temporary plug; epistaxis; petechiae; bleeding from scratches
🗑
|
||||
| show | children; antibodies against GpIIb:IIIa; no splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | SLE; antibodies against GpIIb:IIIa receptors
🗑
|
||||
| Heparin | show 🗑
|
||||
| PF4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| HIV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | platelet thrombi develop in areas of endothelial damage in small vessels; consumption of platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | fever, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes, CNS deficits
🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time, normal PT and PTT
🗑
|
||||
| show | similar to TTP; endothelial injury from Shiga-like toxin of 0157:H7 E. coli in undercooked beef
🗑
|
||||
| S/S factor deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hemophilia A | show 🗑
|
||||
| von Willebrand’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ vWF, VIII antigen, and VIII:C; prolonged bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| show | Rx of choice for mild von Willebrand’s disease and hemophilia A
🗑
|
||||
| show | antibodies destroy coagulation factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | prolonged PT and/or PTT corrected with mixing studies
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ epoxide reductase activity (↓ function vitamin K); hemorrhagic diathesis; ↑ PT
🗑
|
||||
| Causes vitamin K deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | activation coagulation system from release of tissue thromboplastin and/or endothelial cell damage
🗑
|
||||
| show | consumption coagulation factors by fibrin clots; patient also anticoagulated
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings DIC | show 🗑
|
||||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | show 🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx warfarin over anticoagulation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Heparin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen ↑ coagulation factor synthesis and ATIII; predisposes to thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Factor V Leiden | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no prolongation of PTT with administration of heparin
🗑
|
||||
| Hemorrhagic skin necrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | specialized cells that transfer foreign antigens to lymphocytes in Peyer’s patches
🗑
|
||||
| Blood group O | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increased incidence of gastric carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Newborns | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | may lose natural blood group antibodies; no hemolytic reaction to mismatched blood
🗑
|
||||
| Rh antigens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibodies against Rh or non-Rh blood group antigens (e.g., anti-D)
🗑
|
||||
| show | receptor for Plasmodium vivax; blacks often lack Duffy antigen
🗑
|
||||
| show | indirect Coomb’s test; detects atypical antibodies in serum
🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of post-transfusion hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | patient serum reacted against donor RBCs; does not guarantee RBC survival
🗑
|
||||
| show | blood group O; no antigens on the surface of RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| show | blood group AB; no natural blood group antibodies in serum
🗑
|
||||
| Packed RBC transfusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryoprecipitate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fresh frozen plasma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Febrile transfusion reaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intravascular HTR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibody attaches to donor RBCs; macrophage phagocytosis and hemolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | present in both types of hemolytic transfusion reactions
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mother O and baby A or B; transplacental passage of maternal anti-AB-IgG
🗑
|
||||
| ABO HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mother Rh (D antigen) negative and fetus Rh (O antigen) positive
🗑
|
||||
| Rh HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal anti-D crosses placenta; potential for hydrops fetalis; high risk for kernicterus
🗑
|
||||
| Rh immune globulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rh HDN lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protects mother from Rh sensitization (development of anti-D antibodies)
🗑
|
||||
| show | A+ cells destroyed by mothers anti A-lgM
🗑
|
||||
| show | converts unconjugated bilirubin in skin into harmless water soluble dipyrrole
🗑
|
||||
| MV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | left parasternal border
🗑
|
||||
| AV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| PV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | closure MV and TV
🗑
|
||||
| S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| S3 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes S3 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal; due to blood entering non-compliant ventricle with atrial contraction in late diastole
🗑
|
||||
| show | volume overloaded ventricle, hypertrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Murmurs | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| Expiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | problem in opening valve
🗑
|
||||
| show | problem in closing valve
🗑
|
||||
| Valves opening in systole | show 🗑
|
||||
| Valves opening in diastole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MV and TV
🗑
|
||||
| Valves closing in diastole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary vehicle for carrying cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary vehicle for carrying liver-synthesized triglyceride
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; deficiency of LDL receptors; ↑ LDL
🗑
|
||||
| Type III hyperlipoproteinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency apo B48 (chylomicrons) and B100 (VLDL); ↓ CH and TG
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings in apo B deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reaction to injury of endothelial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | platelets, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, T cells with cytokine release
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous plaque | show 🗑
|
||||
| C-reactive protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | predisposes to platelet thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Increased plasma homocysteine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | small vessel disease of DM and hypertension; excess protein in vessel wall
🗑
|
||||
| Mechanisms hyaline arteriolosclerosis in DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-enzymatic glycosylation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mechanisms hyaline arteriolosclerosis in hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to atherosclerosis; flank pain, hypotension, pulsatile mass
🗑
|
||||
| show | vasculitis of vasa vasorum of aortic arch; aortic regurgitation
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to hypertension and collagen tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan)
🗑
|
||||
| show | elastic tissue degeneration creates spaces filled with mucopolysaccharides
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to wall stress from hypertension and structural weakness
🗑
|
||||
| show | proximal (MC); distal or combination of both
🗑
|
||||
| S/S proximal aortic dissection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; fibrillin defect; aortic regurgitation/dissection; lens dislocation; MVP with sudden death
🗑
|
||||
| show | aortic dissection
🗑
|
||||
| Phlebothrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | emboli originate from femoral veins
🗑
|
||||
| Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent radial pulse with positional change
🗑
|
||||
| Turner’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spider telangiectasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Capillary hemangioma in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HHV-8; vascular malignancy; MC cancer in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| show | Bartonella henselae; vascular infection in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Small vessel vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vessel thrombosis with infarction; e.g., classical polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| show | absent pulse, stroke
🗑
|
||||
| Takayasu’s arteritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | temporal artery granulomatous vasculitis; ipsilateral blindness (ophthalmic artery)
🗑
|
||||
| show | muscular artery vasculitis with vessel thrombosis infarction
🗑
|
||||
| Path findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coronary artery vasculitis/thrombosis/aneurysms in children
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IV γ-globulin
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoker’s digital vasculitis; digital infarction
🗑
|
||||
| show | digital vasculitis in PSS and CREST syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | digital pain; white-blue-red color changes
🗑
|
||||
| Cryoglobulinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wegener’s granulomatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | palpable purpura; crescentic GN; association with p-ANCA
🗑
|
||||
| show | IgA-anti-IgA ICs; palpable purpura buttocks/legs; arthritis; IgA GN
🗑
|
||||
| Serum sickness vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
🗑
|
||||
| Meningococcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Essential HTN blacks | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renovascular HTN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | epigastric bruit; ↑ PRA affected kidney, ↓ PRA unaffected kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Endocrine HTN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LVH MC complication; AMI MC COD followed by stroke and renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| Afterload | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | volume ventricles must eject
🗑
|
||||
| Concentric LVH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increased preload; e.g., valve regurgitation; left to right shunts
🗑
|
||||
| LHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Systolic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diastolic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | backward failure; ↑ venous hydrostatic pressure; neck vein distention, hepatomegaly, edema
🗑
|
||||
| ACE inhibitors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diuretics in CHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-pharmacologic Rx in CHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Exertional angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coronary artery vasospasm; transmural ischemia; ST elevation
🗑
|
||||
| Sudden cardiac death | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | severe coronary artery atherosclerosis; absence of occlusive thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| LAD coronary artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior portion left ventricle and papillary muscle, inferior 1/3rd IVS, right ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular fibrillation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no gross changes until 24 hrs
🗑
|
||||
| show | retrosternal pain radiating down arms, diaphoresis
🗑
|
||||
| show | 3rd-7th day
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type; LAD thrombosis; cardiac tamponade
🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; mitral regurgitation with LHF
🗑
|
||||
| IVS rupture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mural thrombus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | first week in transmural AMI; 6 wks later autoimmune
🗑
|
||||
| show | friction rub; leaning forward relieves pain
🗑
|
||||
| show | late manifestation of AMI; precordial systolic bulge; CHF MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; hypotension, RHF, preserved left ventricular function
🗑
|
||||
| show | CK-MB and troponins; CK-MB absent by 3 days; troponins last 7-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| LDH isoenzymes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reinfarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| ECG findings in AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | EF = stroke volume/left ventricular end-diastolic volume; 80/120 = 0.66
🗑
|
||||
| By-pass surgery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | localized dissection with thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Umbilical vein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta; PGE keeps it open
🗑
|
||||
| show | closes and becomes ligamentum arteriosum
🗑
|
||||
| Eisenmenger’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC congenital heart disease; ↑ SaO2 right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA)
🗑
|
||||
| show | patent foramen ovale; ↑ SaO2 right atrium (RA), RV, PA; MC adult congenital heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| PDA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | degree of pulmonic stenosis determines if cyanosis is present
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ left ventricle, aorta
🗑
|
||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanosis; aorta empties RV; PA empties left ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2° polycythemia; infective endocarditis; metastatic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| show | Turner’s syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Post-ductal coarctation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | upper extremity HTN; claudication; rib-notching; activation RAA also causes HTN
🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity; group A streptococcus pharyngeal infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | sterile vegetations mitral valve (regurgitation); myocarditis with Aschoff nodule
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic rheumatic fever; opening snap followed by mid-diastolic rumble
🗑
|
||||
| Mitral stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur; S3 and S4 common
🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis murmur increased preload | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreases obstruction and decreases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diastolic murmur; regurgitant flow on anterior leaflet mitral valve
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign for AV replacement
🗑
|
||||
| Causes aortic regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur ↑ intensity with inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Carcinoid heart disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Infective endocarditis (IE) | show 🗑
|
||||
| IE prosthetic heart valve | show 🗑
|
||||
| IE ulcerative bowel disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | positive blood culture Libman Sacks endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| Coxsackievirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Parasitic cause myocarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | all chamber pressures are uniformally increased
🗑
|
||||
| show | muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, inspiratory neck vein distention
🗑
|
||||
| Dx and Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drop in blood pressure >10 mmHg with inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| show | TB MCC worldwide; pericardial knock
🗑
|
||||
| show | generalized chamber enlargement; low ejection fraction
🗑
|
||||
| show | postpartum, cardiotoxic drugs, hypothyroidism, alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior leaflet mitral valve drawn against asymmetric thickened IVS
🗑
|
||||
| show | worsens obstruction and increases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces obstruction and decreases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased compliance
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac myxoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypokalemia; MCC diuretic therapy (e.g., thiazides; loop diuretics)
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperkalemia; MCC renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| ST depression | show 🗑
|
||||
| ST elevation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC chronic arrhythmia; absent P waves; danger for embolization
🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular premature beats | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of death in an AMI
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Q waves in II, III, and aVF; right coronary artery thrombosis.
🗑
|
||||
| show | short PR interval with normal P wave; delta wave on upstroke of R wave
🗑
|
||||
| Alveolar O2 calculation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Increased A-a gradient | show 🗑
|
||||
| Forced vital capacity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Forced expiratory volume/1 second (FEV1) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Choanal atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nasal polyps | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nasal polyp in a child | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | patient on aspirin (pain syndrome) with nasal polyps, asthma
🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | danger cor pulmonale; requires sleep test; Rx. O2 with continuous positive airway pressure
🗑
|
||||
| show | maxillary sinusitis MC in adults; ethmoiditis MC in children; S. pneumoniae MC
🗑
|
||||
| show | association with EBV; metastasize to cervical nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Laryngeal carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of fever 24-36 hours after surgery
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ percussion; absent fremitus, breath sounds; inspiratory lag; elevated diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize surfactant (lecithin, phosphatidylcholine); stored in lamellar bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces surface tension in airways; ↑ synthesis cortisol, thyroxine; ↓ synthesis insulin
🗑
|
||||
| Causes RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal hyperglycemia → fetal hyperglycemia → fetal insulin which ↓ surfactant
🗑
|
||||
| show | O2 FR injury (blindness, bronchopulmonary dysplasia); necrotizing enterocolitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus pneumoniae MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | interstitial pneumonia; Mycoplasma pneumoniae MCC
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas, aeruginosa MCC (respirators); others - S. aureus, E. coli
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC common cold; hand to mouth transmission
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC pneumonia and bronchiolitis in child
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC croup in child; trachea area of obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | superimposed pneumonia with S. aureus increases mortality
🗑
|
||||
| show | Warthin-Finkeldey multinucleated giant cells
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coxiella burnetii | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | crowded condition; cold agglutinins; azithromycin
🗑
|
||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exacerbation chronic bronchitis; acute epiglottis in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | croup, epiglottitis
🗑
|
||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucoid sputum in alcoholic
🗑
|
||||
| Legionella pneumophila | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | strict aerobe; MC COD due to infectious disease worldwide
🗑
|
||||
| Candida albicans | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptococcus immitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septate hyphae with fruiting body; fungus ball, extrinsic asthma, vessel invader
🗑
|
||||
| show | non-septate; vessel invader; frontal lobe abscess in diabetic ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Southwest deserts; inhale arthrospores in dust; spherule with endospores
🗑
|
||||
| show | erythema nodosum (painful nodules lower legs)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ohio/central Mississippi river valley; excreta bats (spelunker), chickens
🗑
|
||||
| show | simulates TB; yeasts phagocytosed by macrophages
🗑
|
||||
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cysts and trophozoites; pneumonia in HIV; Rx. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
🗑
|
||||
| Primary TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reactivation TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; 3 nucleotide deletion chromosome 7; defective CFTR (degraded in Golgi apparatus)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lung abscess | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration sitting | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | superior segment right lower lobe
🗑
|
||||
| show | right middle lobe, posterior segment right upper lobe
🗑
|
||||
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | branch of aorta/intercostal artery; protects against developing pulmonary infarction
🗑
|
||||
| Saddle embolus | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S pulmonary infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ventilation/perfusion scan; respiratory alkalosis; hypoxemia
🗑
|
||||
| Pain on inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis pulmonary hypertension (PH) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypoxemia + respiratory acidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1° lung disease (COPD, restrictive), recurrent emboli, mitral stenosis, OSA, left-right shunts
🗑
|
||||
| show | PH + RVH
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ compliance, ↑ elasticity; interstitial fibrosis/edema
🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive lung disease (RLD) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to alveolar injury
🗑
|
||||
| ARDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pneumoconiosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumoconiosis + rheumatoid nodules in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| Coal worker’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | quartz; nodular opacities; foundry workers; ↑ incidence cancer and TB
🗑
|
||||
| show | roofing material, old buildings (9/11), pipe-fitter shipyard
🗑
|
||||
| show | asbestos fiber coated by iron
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign pleural plaques (MC); bronchogenic carcinoma (MC cancer); mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| Mesothelioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; MC non-infectious lung and liver granulomatous disease
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intradermal injection sarcoid antigens causes skin reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Farmer’s lung | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; reaction against nitrogen dioxide in fermenting corn
🗑
|
||||
| Byssinosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Goodpasture’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Collagen vascular RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Drugs RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ RV, TLC; ↓ TV, VC; ↓ FEV1sec and FVC; ↓ FEV1sec/FVC ratio
🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Asthma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | expiratory wheezing (inflamed terminal bronchioles); LTC4,-D4,-E4 bronchoconstrictors
🗑
|
||||
| Charcot-Leyden crystals | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ AP diameter; depressed diaphragms; vertical heart
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ AAT, ↑ neutrophil destruction of elastic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction/distention respiratory bronchioles upper lobe in smokers; THINK
🗑
|
||||
| Panacinar emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | upper lobe destruction/distention alveolar ducts, alveoli; pneumothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | productive cough 3 months/2 consecutive years; blue bloater (cyanosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory acidosis/hypoxemia
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchiectasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent dynein arm in cilia; sinusitis, infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous cancer and small cell cancer; men > women
🗑
|
||||
| show | adenocarcinoma; women > men
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous lung cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Small cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no smoking relationship; lung consolidation resembling pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | usually adenocarcinoma developing in old TB scar
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchial carcinoid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Metastatic lung cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous carcinoma posterior mediastinum; destruction superior cervical ganglion
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | granuloma MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung cancer obstructs vessel; venous congestion
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior mediastinal masses | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | usually neurogenic tumors of ganglia
🗑
|
||||
| show | B cell hyperplasia of thymus MC abnormality; association with thymoma
🗑
|
||||
| Thymoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pleural effusions | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spontaneous pneumothorax | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flap-like pleural tear; increased pleural cavity pressure; compression atelectasis
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of fusion of facial processes
🗑
|
||||
| show | multinucleated giant cell with acidophilic intranuclear inclusions on Tzanck prep
🗑
|
||||
| show | EBV glossitis; pre-AIDS defining lesion; not precursor to cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | bilateral parotitis; unilateral orchitis; ↑ amylase
🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembrane pharynx and trachea with cervical lymphadenopathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | notched central incisors
🗑
|
||||
| Actinomycosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | majority are viral; 20% group A streptococcus
🗑
|
||||
| Oral thrush | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dental caries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal pigmentation; hamartomatous polyps
🗑
|
||||
| show | biopsy to rule out squamous dysplasia or cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | verrucoid squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Gum hyperplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pleomorphic adenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysphagia for solids only | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | iron deficiency anemia causes esophageal web, glossitis, achlorhydria (↓ HCl in gastric acid)
🗑
|
||||
| Dysphagia for solids and liquids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | polyhydramnios; proximal esophagus ends blindly; distal esophagus derives from trachea
🗑
|
||||
| VATER syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC pulsion diverticulum of esophagus; halitosis (stinky breath, food gets stuck); near UES
🗑
|
||||
| show | relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with acid reflux
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC nocturnal cough and asthma
🗑
|
||||
| show | Candida MC, CMV, HSV
🗑
|
||||
| show | glandular metaplasia distal esophagus in GERD
🗑
|
||||
| Complications of Barrett’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| Esophageal varices | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic or bulimic
🗑
|
||||
| Boerhaave’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hamman’s mediastinal crunch | show 🗑
|
||||
| LES ganglion cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Achalasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bird’s beak appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Acquired achalasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC primary cancer; due to Barrett’s esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of upper GI bleed; acid changes Hb to hematin; peptic ulcer disease MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Hematemesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertrophy pyloric muscle; vomiting non-bile stained fluid in 2-4 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| Acute hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | maintained by PGE; misoprostol PGE analog
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to PA; achlorhydria with ↑ serum gastrin
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to H. pylori; involves pylorus and antrum
🗑
|
||||
| H. pylori | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lesser curvature pylorus and antrum; poor defense against acid; food aggravates pain
🗑
|
||||
| show | never malignant; ↑ acid production; food relieves pain
🗑
|
||||
| show | air under diaphragm causes pain in left shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Menetrier’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin; part of MEN I syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | PUD in usual locations; sometimes multiple ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| Hypergastrinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal type adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | linitis plastica; signet ring cells; Krukenberg tumors ovaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | stomach MC site for extranodal lymphomas; H. pylori associated
🗑
|
||||
| show | steatorrhea; chronic pancreatitis, bile salt deficiency, small bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | liver disease, bile salt resins, cholestasis, bacterial overgrowth, Crohn’s
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure to reabsorb xylose indicates small bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic pancreatitis cause of malabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune disease; antibodies against gliadin in gluten; flat villi
🗑
|
||||
| Celiac disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Whipple’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fever, polyarthritis, skin pigmentation
🗑
|
||||
| show | Campylobacter jejuni MCC; positive fecal smear for leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| show | loss isotonic fluid; enterotoxins from E. coli and V. cholerae
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic diarrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | common cause diarrhea in AIDS; MCC cholecystitis and pancreatitis in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bacillus cereus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | preformed neurotoxin (blocks acetylcholine release); paralysis and mydriasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | colonization of bowel with release of neurotoxin; eating honey
🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembranous colitis; post-antibiotics; toxin assay stool; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | produces dysentery (bloody diarrhea); associated with HUS
🗑
|
||||
| show | gastroenteritis; animal reservoirs - poultry, turtles
🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella paratyphi | show 🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella typhi | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| M. tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secretory diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea); toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase
🗑
|
||||
| Vibrio cholerae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oral Rx cholera | show 🗑
|
||||
| Yersinia enterocolitica | show 🗑
|
||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in AIDS; acid-fast oocysts
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC protozoal cause of diarrhea; cause of malabsorption; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | rectal prolapse in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | anal pruritus; urethritis in girls; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | rhabditiform larvae in stool not eggs
🗑
|
||||
| show | fish tapeworm; vitamin B12 deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain; constipation and obstipation
🗑
|
||||
| Radiograph small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | adhesions from previous surgery
🗑
|
||||
| Duodenal atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent ganglion cells in submucosal/myenteric plexus rectosigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| show | proximal bowel dilated but peristalses; no stool in rectal vault
🗑
|
||||
| show | Down syndrome; Chagas disease
🗑
|
||||
| Intussusception | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meconium ileus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Indirect inguinal hernia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruction of small bowel with gallstone + air in biliary tree
🗑
|
||||
| Volvulus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protrudes through center of triangle of Hesselbach; no obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| show | common in black children; may entrap bowel in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC site for polyps, cancer, diverticula
🗑
|
||||
| show | diffuse abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | embolism (atrial fibrillation), thrombosis SMA or SMV
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic colitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mesenteric angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | submucosal dilation of venules in cecum; cause of hematochezia
🗑
|
||||
| Hematochezia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meckel’s diverticulum | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mimics acute appendicitis; cannot differentiate without radionuclide scan
🗑
|
||||
| show | diverticulitis MC complication; MCC hematochezia and fistula formation
🗑
|
||||
| Diverticulitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal/submucosal ulceration; starts in rectum; crypt abscess; ↑ risk adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary sclerosing cholangitis, seronegative HLA B27 + spondyloarthropathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | transmural inflammation; terminal ileum involved 80%; granulomas; skip lesions
🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain and diarrhea; fistulas (anal, bowl to bowel)
🗑
|
||||
| Carcinoid tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | liver metastasis; flushing/diarrhea due to serotonin; increased urine 5-HIAA
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor lesion colon cancer; size and number determine risk of malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| Villous adenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD with 100% penetrance for developing colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Gardner’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Turcot’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | second MC cancer and cancer killer in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruct; MC location rectosigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleed
🗑
|
||||
| Acute appendicitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| External hemorrhoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bleed; prolapse out of rectum
🗑
|
||||
| show | breakdown product CB in bowel (color of stool)
🗑
|
||||
| UBG | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | serum AST>ALT; ↑ serum GGT
🗑
|
||||
| Viral hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cholestasis markers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophage degradation of heme; lipid soluble; never in urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | water soluble; never normal in urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | Gilberts, spherocytosis, physiologic jaundice newborn, ABO/Rh HDN
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; ↓ uptake and conjugation; bilirubin increases with fasting
🗑
|
||||
| show | unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; begins on day three
🗑
|
||||
| % CB 20-50% | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bile duct obstruction (intra or extrahepatic); carcinoma head of pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obstructive jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | extravascular hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | albumin, PT
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis A | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protective antibodies; accidental needle stick, IVDA; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no protective antibodies; requires HBsAg to replicate
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-HBs alone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | recovered from HBV
🗑
|
||||
| show | acute HBV/chronic HBV infective carrier if >6 months
🗑
|
||||
| Anti HBc-IgM alone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV healthy carrier
🗑
|
||||
| Fulminant hepatic failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli in adults; S. pneumoniae in children; complication of ascites
🗑
|
||||
| Granulomatous hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Entamoeba histolytica; flash shaped ulcers in cecum; liver abscess; Rx
🗑
|
||||
| Echinococcosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Schistosomiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Clonorchiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Congestive hepatomegaly (centrilobular necrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Budd-Chiari syndrome; painful hepatomegaly; ascites; portal hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| show | ascites, portal hypertension, no hepatomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol related disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia in alcoholics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ gluconeogenesis (↑ NADH causes pyruvate to convert to lactate)
🗑
|
||||
| Ketoacidosis in alcoholics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | granulomatous destruction triad bile ducts; anti-mitochondrial antibody
🗑
|
||||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | neonatal cholestasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | acetaminophen, isoniazid, halothane
🗑
|
||||
| Anabolic steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intrahepatic cholestasis; hepatic adenoma (intraperitoneal hemorrhage)
🗑
|
||||
| Methotrexate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver angiosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hemochromatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis; “bronze diabetes” - skin pigmentation + destruction of islet cells; malabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wilson’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ceruloplasmin (causes ↓ total copper); ↑ serum/urine free copper
🗑
|
||||
| show | pre-eclampsia; Hemolytic anemia, ELevated transaminases, Low Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR, cannot secrete AAT from liver cell; cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Reye syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | irreversible fibrosis; regenerative nodules; portal hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| Causes cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Portal hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | portal hypertension; hypoalbuminemia; secondary aldosteronism
🗑
|
||||
| show | use aldosterone blocker (acidosis increases loss ammonium in stool)
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperestrinism in men | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver cell adenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV and HCV MCC; ↑ AFP; hepatic/portal vein invasion
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary sclerosing cholangitis MCC, C.C sinensis
🗑
|
||||
| show | bile with too much cholesterol and too little bile salts
🗑
|
||||
| Black pigment stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute cholecystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chemical inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| show | risk factors - cholelithiasis and porcelain gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | causes - alcohol and gallstones; ↑ amylase and lipase (more specific)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | localized ileus of duodenum due to acute pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | abdominal mass; persistence of ↑ serum amylase >1 week
🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol abuse, CF; malabsorption, pain, type I diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatic cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | jaundice/acholic (gray/pale) stools; palpable gallbladder; superficial migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's sign); ↑ CA 19-9
🗑
|
||||
| show | inability to concentrate urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic renal failure; cannot concentrate or dilute urine
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin, absent urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | extravascular hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine nitrite + positive urine leukocyte esterase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | positive urine leukocyte esterase but negative standard culture; TB, C. trachomatis
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine; ↓ renal blood flow (e.g. heart failure, hypovolemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine due to intrinsic renal disease (acute tubular necrosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Postrenal azotemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Serum BUN:creatinine ratio | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio 10/1 - renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| BUN 80 mg/dL:creatinine 2 mg/dL | show 🗑
|
||||
| Creatinine clearance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | important sign of renal dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic type of glomerulonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| WBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Hyaline casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal tubular cell casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Waxy or broad casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hexagonal crystals
🗑
|
||||
| Horseshoe kidney | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC childhood cystic disease; abnormal development; flank mass
🗑
|
||||
| show | fetal juvenile polycystic kidney disease; Potter’s facies in newborn
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; hypertension MC sign; cerebral berry aneurysms
🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| show | negative charge due to heparan sulfate
🗑
|
||||
| show | oliguria; RBC casts; hypertension; mild to moderate proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotic syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | linear (anti-glomerular BM antibodies); granular (IC deposition)
🗑
|
||||
| IgA GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Post-streptococcal GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; subendothelial deposits; anti-DNA antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | crescents from parietal cell proliferation; worst GN; Goodpasture’s, Wegener’s
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; anti-BM antibodies (glomerular + pulmonary capillary); crescentic GN
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC childhood nephrotic syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | podocyte fusion; loss of negative charge in glomerular BM
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic syndrome; AIDS and IV heroin abuse
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC adult nephrotic syndrome; subepithelial deposits; epimembranous spikes
🗑
|
||||
| Causes membranous GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type I MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type II MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | microalbuminuria first sign
🗑
|
||||
| show | nodules with collagen in mesangium; hyaline arteriolosclerosis of arterioles
🗑
|
||||
| ACE inhibitors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alport’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | disruption of BM in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotoxic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotoxic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prerenal azotemia, ATN, glomerulonephritis, postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| Acute pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I/IV reaction; e.g., penicillin
🗑
|
||||
| show | ARF, fever, rash, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| Analgesic nephropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | BJ protein produces foreign body reaction in tubules
🗑
|
||||
| show | prevent by giving allopurinol prior to chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypovitaminosis D (no 1-α-hydroxylase); produces osteomalacia
🗑
|
||||
| Renal osteodystrophy CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary HPTH with increased osteoclastic activity
🗑
|
||||
| S/S CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Benign nephrosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal failure; encephalopathy; BP >210/120 mm Hg; IV nitroprusside
🗑
|
||||
| show | necrotizing arteriolitis; “flea bitten” kidney; hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | pale infarcts; hematuria; common in polyarteritis nodosa
🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone MCC; atrophy of cortex/medulla; postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | most contain calcium (calcium oxalate/phosphate); hypercalciuria MC risk factor
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to urease producing organisms (Proteus); alkaline urine pH; ammonia smell
🗑
|
||||
| Angiomyolipoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC, phenacetin, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertension, unilateral abdominal mass in child; aniridia/hemihypertrophy in AD types
🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent urachus
🗑
|
||||
| Retroperitoneal fibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abdominal wall defect + epispadias
🗑
|
||||
| show | most commonly due to prostatic hyperplasia with urethral obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli; females > males; no fever, flank pain, or WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide; papillary
🗑
|
||||
| show | hematuria; hydronephrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Schistosoma hematobium infection
🗑
|
||||
| Hypospadias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Epispadias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Peyronie’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent/painful erection; HbSS
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma penis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptorchidism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mumps usually unilateral (infertility uncommon)
🗑
|
||||
| show | <35 - N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis; >35 - E. coli, P. aeruginosa
🗑
|
||||
| show | scrotal pain relieved by elevation of scrotum (Prehn’s sign)
🗑
|
||||
| show | left-sided scrotal mass; spermatic vein drains into left renal vein; infertility common
🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent tunica vaginalis; scrotum transilluminates
🗑
|
||||
| show | testicle high in canal; absent cremasteric reflex
🗑
|
||||
| show | unilateral painless mass that does not transilluminate
🗑
|
||||
| show | cryptorchid testis, Klinefelter’s, testicular feminization
🗑
|
||||
| Seminoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | >65 yrs of age
🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhage/necrosis; hematogenous spread before lymphatic; ↑AFP, hCG
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC testicular cancer in boys; ↑AFP
🗑
|
||||
| Choriocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | more often benign in children than adult
🗑
|
||||
| show | teratoma + embryonal carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type in elderly; metastasis not primary cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT derived stimulation embryo; periurethral area - hyperplasia; peripheral area - cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT/estrogen-mediated; glandular/smooth muscle hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| show | all men develop; urethral obstruction MC (hesitancy, dribbling, nocturia), hematuria, dysuria Rx
🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT-mediated; palpable with rectal exam; osteoblastic metastasis (↑ AP)
🗑
|
||||
| show | sensitive but not specific for prostate cancer; ↑ in hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Kallmann’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Impotence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parasympathetic response
🗑
|
||||
| Ejaculation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ LH; ↓ testosterone, sperm count; normal FSH
🗑
|
||||
| Seminiferous tubule failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leydig and seminiferous tubule failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| Y chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens
🗑
|
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