Goljan High Yield
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | driving force for diffusion of O2 into tissue
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| show | percent heme groups occupied by O2
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| show | decreased O2 saturation (SaO2); O2 content
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| show | electron acceptor in oxidative pathway
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| Hypoxia | show 🗑
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| show | decreased arterial (or venous) blood flow
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| Respiratory acidosis | show 🗑
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| show | impaired delivery of O2 to alveoli; intrapulmonary shunting of blood (e.g., RDS)
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| Perfusion defect | show 🗑
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| Diffusion defect | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ SaO2; heme Fe+3; oxidizing agents (sulfur/nitro drugs); Rx with IV methylene blue
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| show | cyanosis not corrected by O2; chocolate colored blood
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| show | ↓ SaO2; left-shift O2 binding curve; inhibits cytochrome oxidase
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| Causes carbon monoxide poisoning | show 🗑
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| show | headache; cherry red color skin
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| Cyanide | show 🗑
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| show | house fires
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| show | ↓ 2, 3 BPG, carbon monoxide, alkalosis, HbF, methemoglobin, hypothermia
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| Right-shifted O2 curve | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory alkalosis enhances glycolysis; ↑ synthesis 2,3 BPG
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| show | damages membrane and drains off protons; alcohol, salicylates
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| show | drain off protons; dinitrophenol, thermogenin (brown fat)
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| Complication mitochondrial poisons/uncoupling agents | show 🗑
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| show | impaired Na+/K+ ATPase pump (cellular swelling); reversible
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| show | ATP synthesis in hypoxia; lactate ↓ intracellular pH, denatures proteins
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| Irreversible injury hypoxia | show 🗑
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| Mitochondrial damage | show 🗑
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| Irreversible injury hypoxia | show 🗑
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| show | unpaired electron in outer orbit; damage cell membranes and DNA
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| Free radicals | show 🗑
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| Superoxide dismutase | show 🗑
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| show | neutralizes peroxide, drug FRs
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| Catalase | show 🗑
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| Lipofuscin | show 🗑
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| Reperfusion injury in heart | show 🗑
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| show | cytochrome c in cytosol initiates apoptosis
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| SER hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| Complications SER hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| Chediak-Higashi | show 🗑
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| show | AR; giant lysosomes
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| show | absent enzyme marker in Golgi apparatus (mannose 6-phosphate); empty lysosomes
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| show | stiff muscles after death due to ATP depletion
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| show | MCC alcohol (increase in NADH); DHAP → G3P → TG
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| show | VLDL pushes nucleus to side
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| Causes fatty change | show 🗑
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| Fatty change in kwashiorkor | show 🗑
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| show | primary iron storage protein; soluble in blood; serum level reflects marrow storage iron
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| Hemosiderin | show 🗑
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| show | reduction in cell/tissue mass by either loss or cell shrinkage
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| Brain atrophy | show 🗑
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| Exocrine gland atrophy in CF | show 🗑
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| show | stem cells (skin, marrow, GI tract) →←→⇦
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| Stable cells | show 🗑
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| show | cannot replicate; cardiac/striated muscle; neurons
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| Hypertrophy | show 🗑
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| LVH | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary hypertension
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| show | prostate hyperplasia constricts urethra
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| show | hypertrophy of remaining kidney
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| show | increase in number of cells
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| Endometrial hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| RBC hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | increased dihydrotestosterone (DHEA)
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| show | hyperplasia male breast tissue; normal in newborn, adolescent, elderly
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| show | one adult cell type replaces another cell type
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| show | smoking
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| Intestinal metaplasia in stomach | show 🗑
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| Squamous metaplasia bladder | show 🗑
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| show | glandular metaplasia of distal esophagus; due to GERD
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| Dysplasia | show 🗑
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| show | human papilloma virus
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| show | smoking
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| show | death of groups of cells
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| show | preservation of structural outline (due to ↑ lactic acid)
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| Infarction | show 🗑
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| show | brain infarct, bacterial infections; wet gangrene
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| show | variant coagulation necrosis; granulomas due to TB/systemic fungi
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| Granulomas | show 🗑
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| Epithelioid cells | show 🗑
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| show | fusion of epithelioid cells
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| show | type IV hypersensitivity
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| Enzymatic fat necrosis | show 🗑
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| Fibrinoid necrosis | show 🗑
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| Postmortem necrosis | show 🗑
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| Dystrophic calcification | show 🗑
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| Dystrophic calcification | show 🗑
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| show | calcification of normal tissue; increased serum calcium or phosphorus
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| show | metastatic calcification of collecting tubule basement membranes
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| S/S nephrocalcinosis | show 🗑
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| Apoptosis | show 🗑
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| Signals activating apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | TP53 suppressor gene, BCL-2 genes
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| show | anti-apoptosis gene; prevents cytochrome c from leaving mitochondria
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| Caspases | show 🗑
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| Markers of apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | loss Mullerian epithelium in male fetus; thymus involution; killing cancer cells
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| show | key chemical in acute inflammation; mast cell; arteriole vasodilation; ↑ venular permeability
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| Rubor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | heat; arteriole vasodilation (histamine)
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| Tumor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | pain; bradykinin, PGE
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| show | neutrophil dominant; ↑ IgM
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| show | transient vasoconstriction → arteriolar vasodilation → ↑ venular permeability
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| show | due to selectins
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| Integrins | show 🗑
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| CD11/CD18 | show 🗑
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| show | activated by IL-1 and TNF
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| ICAM | show 🗑
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| VCAM | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophilic leukocytosis; corticosteroids
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| Activation neutrophil adhesion molecules | show 🗑
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| Chemotaxis | show 🗑
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| show | IgG, C3b; enhance phagocytosis
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| Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages | show 🗑
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| O2-dependent MPO system | show 🗑
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| show | NADPH oxidase with NADPH cofactor; produces respiratory burst
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| show | test for respiratory burst
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| show | converts superoxide to peroxide
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| show | lysosomal enzyme that combines peroxide + Cl to form bleach (HOCl)
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| show | chronic granulomatous disease childhood (XR), myeloperoxidase deficiency (AR)
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| show | absent NADPH oxidase; no respiratory burst
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| show | Staphylococcus aureus not killed (catalase positive)
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| Chronic granulomatous disease | show 🗑
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| Myeloperoxidase deficiency | show 🗑
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| Opsonization defect | show 🗑
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| show | Chediak-Higashi (see cell injury); also has defect in microtubule polymerization
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| COX inhibitors | show 🗑
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| show | vasodilation, fever
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| PGI2 | show 🗑
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| Nitric oxide | show 🗑
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| show | fever, synthesis acute phase reactants in liver, leukocytosis
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| show | stimulated by IL-1; stimulates synthesis of acute phase reactants
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| Acute phase reactants | show 🗑
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| Bradykinin | show 🗑
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| Bradykinin | show 🗑
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| show | C3a and C5a; directly stimulate mast cell release of histamine
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| Prostaglandin I2 | show 🗑
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| show | hydroxylation of arachidonic acid
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| Zileuton | show 🗑
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| Zafirlukast, montelukast | show 🗑
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| LTC4, -D4, -E4 | show 🗑
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| TXA2 | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits thromboxane synthase
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| Corticosteroids | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
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| Fever | show 🗑
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| Chronic inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | cellular immunity; macrophages interact with TH1 class cells (memory cells)
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| Positive PPD | show 🗑
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| show | abscess; Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase)
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| Cellulitis | show 🗑
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| Pseudomembranous inflammation | show 🗑
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| Cell cycle | show 🗑
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| show | arrests cell in G1 phase for DNA repair or apoptosis
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| show | stimulates apoptosis; activated by TP53 suppressor gene if too much DNA damage
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| show | basement membrane, interstitial matrix
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| Complete restoration | show 🗑
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| Scar tissue | show 🗑
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| Collagen | show 🗑
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| show | cross-links at points of hydroxylation (lysyl oxidase) increase tensile strength
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| Type I collagen | show 🗑
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| show | early wound repair
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| Type IV collagen | show 🗑
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| Type X collagen | show 🗑
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| show | key basement membrane glycoprotein
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| Fibronectin | show 🗑
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| Angiogenesis in repair | show 🗑
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| Key event in wound repair | show 🗑
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| Granulation tissue | show 🗑
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| Collagenases | show 🗑
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| Tensile strength of healed wound | show 🗑
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| Inhibition wound healing | show 🗑
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| show | defects in collagen synthesis and structure; hyperelasticity
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| show | ↓ collagen tensile strength by decreasing cross-links at points of hydroxylation
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| Keloid | show 🗑
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| show | exuberant granulation tissue; bleeds when touched
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| Healing by primary intention | show 🗑
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| Healing by secondary intention | show 🗑
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| show | regenerative nodules; abnormal cytoarchitecture
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| show | type II pneumocyte repair cell
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| CNS injury | show 🗑
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| WBC alterations in acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | increased fibrinogen enhances rouleaux
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| C-reactive protein | show 🗑
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| Polyclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
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| show | ECF (plasma, interstitial fluid) + ICF (cytosol)
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| Osmosis | show 🗑
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| Edema | show 🗑
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| show | protein and cell-poor fluid in interstitial space/body cavity; alteration Starling’s forces
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| show | oncotic pressure (albumin) keeps fluid in vessels, hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out
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| Pitting edema | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary edema in LHF; pitting edema of legs in RHF; portal hypertension
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| show | ↑ hydrostatic pressure and ↓ oncotic pressure
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| Causes of renal retention of sodium/water | show 🗑
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| show | kwashiorkor; nephrotic syndrome; cirrhosis
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| Ascites in cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| Exudate | show 🗑
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| show | radical mastectomy; filariasis; inflammatory carcinoma (lymphatics plugged by tumor)
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| show | endothelial injury, stasis, hypercoagulability
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| show | fibrin clot with entrapped RBCs, WBCs, platelets; deep veins below knee (stasis)
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| show | anticoagulants that prevent venous clot formation
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| show | endothelial injury; platelets held together by fibrin
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| show | prevents platelet thrombus in arteries
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| show | femoral vein site of origin
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| Systemic thromboembolism | show 🗑
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| show | long bone fractures; delayed symptoms (48 hrs); thrombocytopenia, hypoxemia
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| show | DIC; lanugo hair in maternal pulmonary arteries
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| show | 1 atmosphere pressure increase with 33 foot descent into water; N2 gas dissolved in tissue
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| show | release of N2 gas from tissue with rapid ascent; ischemic damage
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| show | pulmonary embolus
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| show | spontaneous pneumothorax
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| Hypovolemic shock (blood loss) | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ CO; ↑ LVEDP and PVR
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| Septic shock | show 🗑
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| show | most susceptible organ in shock; straight portion proximal tubule most susceptible
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| show | ischemic ATN, multiorgan failure, ↑ AG metabolic acidosis
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| show | parenchyma neoplastic component
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| Benign tumors | show 🗑
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| show | epithelial origin; squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma
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| show | invades but does not metastasize
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| Squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
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| Adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
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| Sarcoma | show 🗑
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| Liposarcoma | show 🗑
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| Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | show 🗑
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| show | ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm derivatives; bone/teeth visible on x-ray
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| Hamartoma | show 🗑
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| Choristoma | show 🗑
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| show | different morphologic patterns, same germ cell layer; pleomorphic adenoma parotid
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| show | malignancy of stem cells in bone marrow
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| show | malignancy of lymph nodes
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| show | stomach (MC), Peyer’s patches
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| Malignant tumors | show 🗑
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| show | increases telomere length; found in all neoplastic cells
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| Monoclonality | show 🗑
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| E-Cadherin | show 🗑
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| Malignant cells | show 🗑
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| show | type IV collagenase (basement membrane)
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| Angiogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | lymphatic, hematogenous, seeding; often more common than primary cancer
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| Carcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | renal cell carcinoma (renal vein, vena cava), hepatocellular carcinoma
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| Sarcoma | show 🗑
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| Seeding | show 🗑
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| Sites where metastasis more common primary cancer | show 🗑
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| Sites where primary cancer more common than metastasis | show 🗑
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| Bone metastasis | show 🗑
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| Bone sites metastasis | show 🗑
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| show | prostate cancer; increased serum AP, hypercalcemia
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| show | breast cancer
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| EM neurosecretory granules | show 🗑
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| show | rhabdomyosarcoma
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| show | histocytic neoplasms (Langerhan’s histiocytosis)
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| Primary prevention | show 🗑
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| Cancers in children | show 🗑
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| Cancer vaccine | show 🗑
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| show | prostate → lung → colorectal
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| Cancer incidence women | show 🗑
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| show | lung → prostate → colorectal
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| show | lung → breast → colorectal
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| Gynecologic cancers | show 🗑
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| show | decreased incidence of cervical cancer; detects cervical dysplasia
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| show | fastest increasing in world
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| show | nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBV)
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| Southeast Asia | show 🗑
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| show | stomach cancer
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| show | Burkitt’s lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
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| Squamous dysplasia oropharynx, larynx, bronchus, cervix | show 🗑
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| Chronic irritation sinus orifices, third degree burn scars | show 🗑
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| Actinic (solar) keratosis | show 🗑
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| Glandular metaplasia of esophagus (Barrett’s) | show 🗑
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| Endometrial hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| Glandular (intestinal) metaplasia of stomach (Helicobacter) | show 🗑
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| Tubular adenoma of colon | show 🗑
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| Scar tissue in lung | show 🗑
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| Regenerative nodules in cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| Complete hydatidiform mole | show 🗑
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| Dysplastic mole | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for BCC, SCC, melanoma
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| HHV-8 | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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|
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| show | MC risk factor for larynx (SCC), lung cancers
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|
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| show | MC risk factor for mesothelioma
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|
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
|
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| Barrett’s esophagus | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
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|
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| show | MC risk factors for colon adenocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma
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|
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| Vinyl chloride | show 🗑
|
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| Gallstones, porcelain gallbladder | show 🗑
|
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for penis SCC
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|
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| Age | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for seminoma
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|
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| Age >50 with excess estrogen exposure | show 🗑
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| HPV 16/18 | show 🗑
|
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| DES | show 🗑
|
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| Nulliparity | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for choriocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for dysgerminoma of ovary
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|
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| show | gonadoblastoma of ovary
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|
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| show | MC risk factor for papillary cancer of thyroid
🗑
|
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| Family history (MEN IIa/IIb) | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for malignant lymphoma thyroid
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|
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| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS and Burkitt’s lymphoma
🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for acute/chronic myelogenous leukemia
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|
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| EBV | show 🗑
|
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| show | MC risk factor for T cell leukemia/lymphoma
🗑
|
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| Bacterial causes of cancer | show 🗑
|
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| Parasitic causes of cancer | show 🗑
|
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| show | mutations involving regulatory genes
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|
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| show | proto-oncogenes, suppressor genes, anti-apoptosis genes
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|
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| Types mutations | show 🗑
|
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| Translocations | show 🗑
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| show | TP53 suppressor gene, RAS protooncogene
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| show | inactivates suppressor genes (e.g., TP53), activates proto-oncogenes (e.g., RAS)
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| Amplification | show 🗑
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| Overexpression | show 🗑
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| S/S POC | show 🗑
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| show | function growth factor receptor; activation bad prognostic sign for breast carcinoma
🗑
|
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| show | function-GTP signal transduction; point mutation; 30% of all human cancer
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|
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| ABL POC | show 🗑
|
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| show | function nuclear transcription; translocation (8; 14) causing Burkitt’s lymphoma
🗑
|
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| Inactivation suppressor genes | show 🗑
|
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| Sporadic retinoblastoma | show 🗑
|
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| show | one hit theory; one already inactivated in germ cells
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|
||||
| show | G,-S phase inhibition, DNA repair, activation BAX apoptosis gene
🗑
|
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| Inactivation TP 53 suppressor gene | show 🗑
|
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| RB suppressor gene function | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inactivation RB suppressor gene | show 🗑
|
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| show | prevents nuclear transcription by catenin
🗑
|
||||
| Inactivation APC suppressor gene | show 🗑
|
||||
| BRCA1/2 suppressor genes function | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | breast, ovarian cancers
🗑
|
||||
| show | anti apoptosis gene (keeps cytochrome c in mitochondria)
🗑
|
||||
| show | t(14;18) translocation of heavy chain causes overexpression; follicular B cell lymphoma [think t(14;18) = t(l4;lB) for foLLicular B]
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; defect in DNA repair enzymes; ↑ risk for UVB light cancers
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; inactivation DNA mismatch genes; colorectal cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; susceptibility to DNA damage; leukemias, lymphomas
🗑
|
||||
| Examples chromosome instability | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chemicals (MC), viruses, radiation, H. pylori, physical (squamous cancer in bum scar)
🗑
|
||||
| show | key chemical carcinogen (cigarette smoke)
🗑
|
||||
| show | produced from Aspergillus; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Asbestos | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thorium dioxide | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aniline dyes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vinyl chloride | show 🗑
|
||||
| Benzene | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
🗑
|
||||
| EBV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| HPV | show 🗑
|
||||
| HHV-8 | show 🗑
|
||||
| UVB cancers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cytotoxic CD8 T cells (type IV hypersensitivity)
🗑
|
||||
| Cachexia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most common anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercoagulability
🗑
|
||||
| Most common COD in cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
🗑
|
||||
| show | possible marker for lung cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis mitral valve | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasis more important than nodal involvement
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors
🗑
|
||||
| show | prostate cancer
🗑
|
||||
| CEA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| β-human chorionic gonadotropin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Calcitonin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Small cell carcinoma lung | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | EPO (polycythemia), PTH-related peptide (hypercalcemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Medullary carcinoma of thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma of lung | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesized in peritubular capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | measure of effective erythropoiesis; correct for degree of anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Extramedullary hematopoiesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drop in Hb due to replacement of HbF RBCs with HbA
🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | average volume of RBCs; useful for anemia classification
🗑
|
||||
| MCHC | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCHC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ MCV, ↑ RBC count
🗑
|
||||
| RDW | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mature RBC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ iron deficiency; ↓ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| % Saturation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ iron deficiency; ↑ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia; normal thalassemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | iron deficiency MC, anemic chronic disease, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC Meckel’s diverticulum
🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency woman < 50 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency man < 50 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency men/woman > 50 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Stages iron deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC anemia in malignancy and alcoholics
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; two α-globin gene deletions; normal Hb electrophoresis
🗑
|
||||
| HbH disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hb Bart’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| β-Thalassemia minor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nonsense mutation with stop codon; hemolytic anemia; ↑↑ HbF, ↑ HbA2
🗑
|
||||
| show | defect in mitochondrial heme synthesis producing ringed sideroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol, pyridoxine deficiency (isoniazid Rx of TB), Pb poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibition ferrochelatase, d-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, ribonuclease
🗑
|
||||
| show | growth retardation; Pb in epiphyses (lead lines); abdominal colic; encephalopathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | peripheral neuropathy; proximal renal tubule damage (Fanconi’s syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| show | coarse basophilic stippling RBCs; ↓ MCV; ↑ blood Pb; ↑ d-aminolevulinic acid
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transfers methyl group to homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| R factor | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vegan, pernicious anemia MC, fish tapeworm, pancreatitis, bacterial overgrowth, Crohn’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Pernicious anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Drugs and folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by phenytoin
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by alcohol and OC
🗑
|
||||
| Dihydrofolate reductase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thymidylate synthetase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of increased serum homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| Lab in B12/folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings unique to B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PA
🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of antibiotics | show 🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of pancreatic extract | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initially normal Hb and Hct; 0.9% saline uncovers RBC deficit
🗑
|
||||
| Aplastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pancytopenia; hypocellular bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| Anemia in renal disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extravascular hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ serum haptoglobin; hemoglobinuria; hemosiderinuria
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; defect in spectrin; extravascular hemolysis; splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | normocytic anemia; dense RBCs, ↑ MCHC, ↑ osmotic fragility
🗑
|
||||
| show | missing decay accelerating factor; complement destruction RBCs, neutrophils, platelets
🗑
|
||||
| S/S PNH | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ deoxyhemoglobin (hypoxemia, acidosis); HbS > 60%
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibits sickling; hydroxyurea ↑ HbF
🗑
|
||||
| show | vasoocclusive crises, hemolytic anemia (extravascular)
🗑
|
||||
| HbSS children | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbSS osteomyelitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aplastic crisis (parvovirus B-19), acute chest syndrome, autosplenectomy, calcium bilirubinate gallstones, priapism, aseptic necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| HbAS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HbAS-HbA 55-60%, HbS 40-45%; HbSS-HbS 90-95%, HbF 5-10%
🗑
|
||||
| Blood findings in HbSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blood findings G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ATP; RBCs dehydrated; ↑ 2,3-BPG (right-shifted OBC)
🗑
|
||||
| Warm type AIHA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IgM intravascular hemolysis; e.g., CLL, Mycoplasma
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drug alters Rh antigens; IgG antibody against Rh antigens (type II hypersensitivity)
🗑
|
||||
| show | drug-IgM IC; intravascular hemolysis; type III hypersensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings AIHA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mechanical damage causing intravascular hemolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of micro/macro hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | schistocytes; iron deficiency from hemoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Malaria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exaggerated WBC response to infection; usually due to infection
🗑
|
||||
| Leukoerythroblastic reaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bone metastasis MCC, myelofibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Helminthes not producing eosinophilia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mononucleosis; CMV; toxoplasmosis; viral hepatitis; phenytoin
🗑
|
||||
| Mononucleosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings mono | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings mono | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | T cell deficiencies (HIV); combined B/T deficiency (adenine deaminase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| show | viral infections, whooping cough
🗑
|
||||
| show | lymphopenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia
🗑
|
||||
| show | neoplastic stem cell disorder; splenomegaly; marrow fibrosis; risk for leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| Examples of MPD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Relative polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ RBC count and RBC mass
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoxic stimulus for EPO to generate RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of appropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal plasma volume; ↑ RBC mass; ↓ SaO2; ↑ EPO
🗑
|
||||
| Inappropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes of inappropriate polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Polycythemia vera | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ectopic EPO (renal cell carcinoma) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myelofibrosis myeloid metaplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tear drop RBCs; dry bone marrow aspirate (marrow fibrosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | MPO with increase in abnormal appearing platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | severe anemia in elderly; 30% develop leukemia; ringed sideroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Benzene | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ALL, newborn-14; AML, 15-60; CML, 40-60; CLL, >60
🗑
|
||||
| show | acute, blasts >30% in bone marrow; chronic, blasts <10% in bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| show | Auer rods in myeloblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Acute promyelocytic leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gum infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| CML | show 🗑
|
||||
| ALL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | t(12;21) offers good prognosis
🗑
|
||||
| CLL | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult T cell leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hairy cell leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nodal sites | show 🗑
|
||||
| Testicular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Stomach cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Phenytoin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bartonella henselae; granulomatous microabscesses
🗑
|
||||
| show | t(14;18); overexpression of BCL-2 anti-apoptosis gene
🗑
|
||||
| show | t(8;14); EBV association; common childhood NHL; “starry sky” appearance
🗑
|
||||
| show | risk factors H. pylori (stomach); Sjogren’s syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | CD4 T cell neoplasm; skin lesions with Pautrier’s microabscesses
🗑
|
||||
| show | leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of chronic inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| Monoclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Confirmatory tests | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bence Jones protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| Multiple myeloma | show 🗑
|
||||
| MGUS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elderly patient; no BJ protein; no malignant plasma cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; IgM M spike; hyperviscosity
🗑
|
||||
| show | neoplastic component, Reed Stemberg (RS) cell; CD15 CD30 positive
🗑
|
||||
| show | infrequent classic RS cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | female dominant; supraclavicular nodes + anterior mediastinal nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hodgkin’s prognosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ risk for second malignancies (leukemia; NHL)
🗑
|
||||
| show | CD1 positive; Birbeck granules
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant histiocytosis <2 yrs old; diffuse eczematous rash; organ involvement
🗑
|
||||
| Hand-Christian-Christian disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign histiocytosis; lytic bone lesions with pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| Mast cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Urticaria pigmentosum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | twisted β-sheet; apple green birefringence with Congo red
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amyloidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AA amyloid derived from serum-associated amyloid; chronic infections
🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gaucher’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Niemann Pick’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypersplenism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Splenic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tissue plasminogen activator, heparin, PGI2 ATIII, protein C/S
🗑
|
||||
| show | enhances ATIII activity (neutralizes all factors except V, VIII, fibrinogen)
🗑
|
||||
| Protein C/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coagulation factors, thromboxane A2 (platelet aggregation, vasoconstrictor)
🗑
|
||||
| Protein C and S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complexes with factor VIII to enhance VIII:C activity; platelet adhesion
🗑
|
||||
| Platelets | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor
🗑
|
||||
| show | platelet receptor for fibrinogen
🗑
|
||||
| show | VII
🗑
|
||||
| show | XII, XI, IX, VIII
🗑
|
||||
| show | X, V, prothrombin (II), fibrinogen (I)
🗑
|
||||
| Factor XIII | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K-dependent factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fibrinogen, prothrombin, V, VIII; fluid is called serum
🗑
|
||||
| show | cleaves fibrinogen and insoluble fibrin into degradation products
🗑
|
||||
| Bleeding time | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of a prolonged bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| Tests for vWF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | evaluates extrinsic pathway to fibrin clot
🗑
|
||||
| show | evaluates intrinsic pathway to stable fibrin clot
🗑
|
||||
| show | fibrin(ogen) degradation products; D-dimers (cross-linked insoluble fibrin)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S platelet dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia due to IgG antibody against heparin attached to PF4 on platelets
🗑
|
||||
| PF4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia MC hematologic abnormality; similar to ITP
🗑
|
||||
| TTP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fever, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes, CNS deficits
🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time, normal PT and PTT
🗑
|
||||
| show | similar to TTP; endothelial injury from Shiga-like toxin of 0157:H7 E. coli in undercooked beef
🗑
|
||||
| S/S factor deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | XR; hemarthroses; prolonged PTT, ↓ factor VIII activity, normal VIII antigen
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; platelet adhesion defect + factor VIII deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ vWF, VIII antigen, and VIII:C; prolonged bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| Desmopressin acetate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibodies destroy coagulation factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | prolonged PT and/or PTT corrected with mixing studies
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibiotics MC, newborn, malabsorption, warfarin
🗑
|
||||
| show | activation coagulation system from release of tissue thromboplastin and/or endothelial cell damage
🗑
|
||||
| DIC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septic shock MCC, rattlesnake bite, massive trauma, amniotic fluid
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding from all scratches, holes, needle sites
🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia, ↑ PT and PTT, D-dimers (best test), anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies; vessel thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ingredient in rat poison; danger to children in households with grandparents on warfarin
🗑
|
||||
| show | intramuscular vitamin K (6-8 hrs), fresh frozen plasma (immediate)
🗑
|
||||
| show | enhances ATIII; PTT best test but PT also prolonged
🗑
|
||||
| OC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC hereditary thrombosis; resistant to degradation by protein C/S
🗑
|
||||
| ATIII deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hemorrhagic skin necrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | specialized cells that transfer foreign antigens to lymphocytes in Peyer’s patches
🗑
|
||||
| show | some patients have anti-AB-IgG antibodies; increased incidence duodenal ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased incidence of gastric carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Newborns | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | may lose natural blood group antibodies; no hemolytic reaction to mismatched blood
🗑
|
||||
| Rh antigens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibodies against Rh or non-Rh blood group antigens (e.g., anti-D)
🗑
|
||||
| show | receptor for Plasmodium vivax; blacks often lack Duffy antigen
🗑
|
||||
| show | indirect Coomb’s test; detects atypical antibodies in serum
🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| Major crossmatch | show 🗑
|
||||
| Universal donor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blood group AB; no natural blood group antibodies in serum
🗑
|
||||
| show | raises Hb by 1 gm/dL and Hct by 3%
🗑
|
||||
| Cryoprecipitate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | replacement for multiple factor deficiencies (e.g., cirrhosis, DIC)
🗑
|
||||
| show | type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
🗑
|
||||
| show | recipient anti-HLA antibodies react against donor leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Intravascular HTR | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extravascular HTR | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive direct Coomb’s test | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | jaundice, no increase in Hb, hemoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| ABO HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | positive direct Coomb’s test; spherocytes; MCC unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia first 24 hrs
🗑
|
||||
| show | mother Rh (D antigen) negative and fetus Rh (O antigen) positive
🗑
|
||||
| show | no hemolysis in first Rh incompatible pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal anti-D crosses placenta; potential for hydrops fetalis; high risk for kernicterus
🗑
|
||||
| show | anti-D; coats D antigen site on fetal RBCs in maternal circulation
🗑
|
||||
| Rh HDN lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protects mother from Rh sensitization (development of anti-D antibodies)
🗑
|
||||
| show | A+ cells destroyed by mothers anti A-lgM
🗑
|
||||
| Blue fluorescent light | show 🗑
|
||||
| MV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | left parasternal border
🗑
|
||||
| AV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | left 2nd intercostal space
🗑
|
||||
| S1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal; due to blood entering volume overloaded ventricle in early diastole
🗑
|
||||
| Causes S3 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal; due to blood entering non-compliant ventricle with atrial contraction in late diastole
🗑
|
||||
| show | volume overloaded ventricle, hypertrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Murmurs | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increases left sided abnormal heart sounds and murmurs
🗑
|
||||
| show | problem in opening valve
🗑
|
||||
| show | problem in closing valve
🗑
|
||||
| Valves opening in systole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MV and TV
🗑
|
||||
| show | MV and TV
🗑
|
||||
| Valves closing in diastole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary vehicle for carrying cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| VLDL | show 🗑
|
||||
| Familial hypercholesterolemia (type II) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency apo E; ↑ remnants (chylomicron, intermediate density)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ VLDL; alcoholics
🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency apo B48 (chylomicrons) and B100 (VLDL); ↓ CH and TG
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings in apo B deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reaction to injury of endothelial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cells involved | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pathognomonic lesion of atherosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | marker of an inflammatory atheromatous plaque
🗑
|
||||
| Inflammatory atheromatous plaque | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ vessel thrombosis; folate (MC)/vitamin B12 deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | small vessel disease of DM and hypertension; excess protein in vessel wall
🗑
|
||||
| show | non-enzymatic glycosylation
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucose attaches to amino acids in BM; causes ↑ permeability to protein
🗑
|
||||
| Mechanisms hyaline arteriolosclerosis in hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to atherosclerosis; flank pain, hypotension, pulsatile mass
🗑
|
||||
| Syphilitic aneurysm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to hypertension and collagen tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan)
🗑
|
||||
| show | elastic tissue degeneration creates spaces filled with mucopolysaccharides
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to wall stress from hypertension and structural weakness
🗑
|
||||
| show | proximal (MC); distal or combination of both
🗑
|
||||
| show | chest pain radiating to back, lack of pulse; cardiac tamponade MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; fibrillin defect; aortic regurgitation/dissection; lens dislocation; MVP with sudden death
🗑
|
||||
| MC COD Marfan’s and Ehlers Danlos | show 🗑
|
||||
| Phlebothrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | emboli originate from femoral veins
🗑
|
||||
| Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thoracic outlet syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lymphedema hands/feet in newborn; preductal coarctation
🗑
|
||||
| Spider telangiectasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Capillary hemangioma in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HHV-8; vascular malignancy; MC cancer in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Bacillary angiomatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | palpable purpura; e.g., Henoch Schonlein purpura
🗑
|
||||
| Muscular artery vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent pulse, stroke
🗑
|
||||
| Takayasu’s arteritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Giant cell arteritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Classical polyarteritis nodosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| Path findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coronary artery vasculitis/thrombosis/aneurysms in children
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | digital vasculitis in PSS and CREST syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryoglobulinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with c-ANCA; sinusitis, lung infarction, crescentic GN
🗑
|
||||
| Microscopic polyangiitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IgA-anti-IgA ICs; palpable purpura buttocks/legs; arthritis; IgA GN
🗑
|
||||
| Serum sickness vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tick borne
🗑
|
||||
| show |
🗑
|
||||
| show | sepsis causes petechia/ecchymoses; potential for Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Essential HTN blacks | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renovascular HTN | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1º HPTH, Graves/hypothyroidism, Cushing’s, 1º aldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | LVH MC complication; AMI MC COD followed by stroke and renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | resistance ventricles contract against
🗑
|
||||
| show | volume ventricles must eject
🗑
|
||||
| Concentric LVH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increased preload; e.g., valve regurgitation; left to right shunts
🗑
|
||||
| show | forward failure; pulmonary edema, pillow orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
🗑
|
||||
| Systolic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF due to decreased ventricular compliance (hypertrophy)
🗑
|
||||
| show | backward failure; ↑ venous hydrostatic pressure; neck vein distention, hepatomegaly, edema
🗑
|
||||
| ACE inhibitors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reduce preload
🗑
|
||||
| Non-pharmacologic Rx in CHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC COD in United States; left anterior descending coronary artery thrombosis MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Exertional angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coronary artery vasospasm; transmural ischemia; ST elevation
🗑
|
||||
| Sudden cardiac death | show 🗑
|
||||
| Path findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior portion left ventricle, anterior 2/3rds IVS
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior portion left ventricle and papillary muscle, inferior 1/3rd IVS, right ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular fibrillation | show 🗑
|
||||
| AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | retrosternal pain radiating down arms, diaphoresis
🗑
|
||||
| AMI ruptures | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anterior wall rupture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; mitral regurgitation with LHF
🗑
|
||||
| IVS rupture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mural thrombus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pericarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | friction rub; leaning forward relieves pain
🗑
|
||||
| show | late manifestation of AMI; precordial systolic bulge; CHF MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; hypotension, RHF, preserved left ventricular function
🗑
|
||||
| show | CK-MB and troponins; CK-MB absent by 3 days; troponins last 7-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| show | no longer used; LDH 1/2 flip indicates AMI
🗑
|
||||
| show | reappearance CK-MB after 3 days
🗑
|
||||
| ECG findings in AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | EF = stroke volume/left ventricular end-diastolic volume; 80/120 = 0.66
🗑
|
||||
| show | use internal mammary artery and saphenous veins (“arterialize” after 10 yrs)
🗑
|
||||
| Angioplasty complication | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | highest O2 saturation
🗑
|
||||
| show | shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta; PGE keeps it open
🗑
|
||||
| Ductus arteriosus in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanosis due to reversal of left to right shunt
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC congenital heart disease; ↑ SaO2 right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA)
🗑
|
||||
| ASD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| PDA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | degree of pulmonic stenosis determines if cyanosis is present
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ left ventricle, aorta
🗑
|
||||
| show | ASD and PDA are cardioprotective
🗑
|
||||
| Complete transposition | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 2° polycythemia; infective endocarditis; metastatic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| show | Turner’s syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | constriction distal to ligamentum arteriosum
🗑
|
||||
| show | upper extremity HTN; claudication; rib-notching; activation RAA also causes HTN
🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity; group A streptococcus pharyngeal infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | sterile vegetations mitral valve (regurgitation); myocarditis with Aschoff nodule
🗑
|
||||
| show | polyarthritis (MC), carditis, erythema marginatum, rheumatoid nodules, chorea
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic rheumatic fever; opening snap followed by mid-diastolic rumble
🗑
|
||||
| show | left atrial dilation hypertrophy - atrial fibrillation, thrombus, pulmonary edema, RHF
🗑
|
||||
| show | myxomatous degeneration of mitral valve; common in Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur; S3 and S4 common
🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | worsens obstruction and increases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| show | decreases obstruction and decreases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bounding pulses; early diastolic blowing murmur
🗑
|
||||
| show | diastolic murmur; regurgitant flow on anterior leaflet mitral valve
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign for AV replacement
🗑
|
||||
| Causes aortic regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tricuspid regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus viridans MCC; Staphylococcus aureus MCC IVDA
🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus bovis
🗑
|
||||
| show | IC vasculitis-Roth spot, splinter hemorrhages; regurgitant murmurs; metas1atic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| show | positive blood culture Libman Sacks endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| Coxsackievirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Parasitic cause myocarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | all chamber pressures are uniformally increased
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dx and Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pulsus paradoxus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Constrictive pericarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Congestive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | postpartum, cardiotoxic drugs, hypothyroidism, alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Effect decreased preload on systolic murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| Effect increased preload on systolic murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | iron, amyloid, glycogen; sarcoidosis; tropical endocardial fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor left atrium; embolization; syncope
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypokalemia; MCC diuretic therapy (e.g., thiazides; loop diuretics)
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperkalemia; MCC renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | subendocardial ischemia (e.g., classical angina pectoris)
🗑
|
||||
| ST elevation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC chronic arrhythmia; absent P waves; danger for embolization
🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular premature beats | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular fibrillation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anterior AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inferior AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wolff-Parkinson-White | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alveolar O2 calculation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Increased A-a gradient | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | total amount of air expelled after a maximal inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| Forced expiratory volume/1 second (FEV1) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanotic when breast feeding; turns pink when crying
🗑
|
||||
| show | allergic (MC; adults only), aspirin, cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | requires sweat test to exclude cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | patient on aspirin (pain syndrome) with nasal polyps, asthma
🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | danger cor pulmonale; requires sleep test; Rx. O2 with continuous positive airway pressure
🗑
|
||||
| show | maxillary sinusitis MC in adults; ethmoiditis MC in children; S. pneumoniae MC
🗑
|
||||
| show | association with EBV; metastasize to cervical nodes
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC; hoarseness; squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Resorption atelectasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ percussion; absent fremitus, breath sounds; inspiratory lag; elevated diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize surfactant (lecithin, phosphatidylcholine); stored in lamellar bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Surfactant | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Maternal diabetes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Complications RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Typical community acquired pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | productive cough; consolidation - ↓ percussion, ↑ tactile fremitus
🗑
|
||||
| show | interstitial pneumonia; Mycoplasma pneumoniae MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade fever, non-productive cough, no signs consolidation
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas, aeruginosa MCC (respirators); others - S. aureus, E. coli
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC common cold; hand to mouth transmission
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC pneumonia and bronchiolitis in child
🗑
|
||||
| Parainfluenza virus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | basophilic intranuclear inclusion surrounded by halo
🗑
|
||||
| show | superimposed pneumonia with S. aureus increases mortality
🗑
|
||||
| Rubeola | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coxiella burnetii | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | crowded condition; cold agglutinins; azithromycin
🗑
|
||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tension pneumatocysts in children with cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | croup, epiglottitis
🗑
|
||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Legionella pneumophila | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Candida albicans | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pigeon excreta; narrow-based bud
🗑
|
||||
| Aspergillus fumigatus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | non-septate; vessel invader; frontal lobe abscess in diabetic ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Southwest deserts; inhale arthrospores in dust; spherule with endospores
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Histoplasma capsulatum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | simulates TB; yeasts phagocytosed by macrophages
🗑
|
||||
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pneumocystis carinii | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ghon focus (subpleural caseation); Ghon complex (spread to hilar nodes)
🗑
|
||||
| show | cavitating lesion in upper lobe; kidney MC extrapulmonary site
🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| CF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumonia, malabsorption, males sterile; + sweat test; P. aeruginosa pneumonia MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| Lung abscess | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterobasal segment right lower lobe
🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration supine | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration right side | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | branch of aorta/intercostal artery; protects against developing pulmonary infarction
🗑
|
||||
| Saddle embolus | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S pulmonary infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pleuritic inflammation; pulmonary embolus, pneumonia, pneumothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis pulmonary hypertension (PH) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vasoconstriction pulmonary vessels; vasodilation cerebral vessels
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1° lung disease (COPD, restrictive), recurrent emboli, mitral stenosis, OSA, left-right shunts
🗑
|
||||
| show | PH + RVH
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ all volumes and capacities; ↑ FEV1sec/FVC ratio
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to alveolar injury
🗑
|
||||
| show | neutrophil destruction of type I and II pneumocytes; hyaline membranes
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inhalation mineral dust causing interstitial fibrosis; particles <0.5 μm to reach alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumoconiosis + rheumatoid nodules in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | “black lung” disease; progressive massive fibrosis; no increased incidence cancer or TB
🗑
|
||||
| Silicosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | roofing material, old buildings (9/11), pipe-fitter shipyard
🗑
|
||||
| Ferruginous bodies | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign pleural plaques (MC); bronchogenic carcinoma (MC cancer); mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy of serosa; no smoking association
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; MC non-infectious lung and liver granulomatous disease
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intradermal injection sarcoid antigens causes skin reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Farmer’s lung | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; reaction against nitrogen dioxide in fermenting corn
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; reaction against cotton, linen, hemp products in textile industry
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; anti-BM antibodies; begins in lungs and ends in renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| Collagen vascular RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Drugs RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Asthma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | expiratory wheezing (inflamed terminal bronchioles); LTC4,-D4,-E4 bronchoconstrictors
🗑
|
||||
| Charcot-Leyden crystals | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initial respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis requires intubation
🗑
|
||||
| Emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory unit | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ AP diameter; depressed diaphragms; vertical heart
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction/distention respiratory bronchioles upper lobe in smokers; THINK
🗑
|
||||
| Panacinar emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Paraseptal emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | productive cough 3 months/2 consecutive years; blue bloater (cyanosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bronchiectasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent dynein arm in cilia; sinusitis, infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous cancer and small cell cancer; men > women
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral lung cancers | show 🗑
|
||||
| Squamous lung cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Small cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | usually adenocarcinoma developing in old TB scar
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchial carcinoid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | more common than primary cancer; breast cancer MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Pancoast tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | granuloma MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung cancer obstructs vessel; venous congestion
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymoma; nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s; teratomas
🗑
|
||||
| Posterior mediastinal masses | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thymoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pleural effusions | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spontaneous pneumothorax | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tracheal shift ipsilateral side, absent breath sounds
🗑
|
||||
| show | flap-like pleural tear; increased pleural cavity pressure; compression atelectasis
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of fusion of facial processes
🗑
|
||||
| show | multinucleated giant cell with acidophilic intranuclear inclusions on Tzanck prep
🗑
|
||||
| Hairy leukoplakia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bilateral parotitis; unilateral orchitis; ↑ amylase
🗑
|
||||
| Diphtheria | show 🗑
|
||||
| Congenital syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anaerobic gram + filamentous bacteria; complication extracted dental abscess
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | majority are viral; 20% group A streptococcus
🗑
|
||||
| show | common in newborn; pre-AIDS defining lesion; yeasts and pseudohyphae
🗑
|
||||
| Dental caries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal pigmentation; hamartomatous polyps
🗑
|
||||
| show | biopsy to rule out squamous dysplasia or cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Smokeless tobacco | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gum hyperplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign tumor of salivary glands; parotid MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lesion obstructing esophagus; e.g., cancer, web
🗑
|
||||
| Plummer-Vinson syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysphagia for solids and liquids | show 🗑
|
||||
| TE fistula | show 🗑
|
||||
| VATER syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zenker’s diverticulum | show 🗑
|
||||
| GERD | show 🗑
|
||||
| GERD | show 🗑
|
||||
| AIDS esophagitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | glandular metaplasia distal esophagus in GERD
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor for adenocarcinoma, stricture
🗑
|
||||
| show | dilated left gastric vein; sign of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic or bulimic
🗑
|
||||
| Boerhaave’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumomediastinum (air in subcutaneous tissue)
🗑
|
||||
| show | contain VIP - relaxes LES
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of LES relaxation (no VIP); absent ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus
🗑
|
||||
| show | aperistalsis/dilation of esophagus; regurgitation of undigested food at night
🗑
|
||||
| X-ray achalasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Chagas’ disease; leishmania destroy ganglion cells
🗑
|
||||
| Distal adenocarcinoma esophagus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of upper GI bleed; acid changes Hb to hematin; peptic ulcer disease MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | vomiting blood; peptic ulcers MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital pyloric stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | NSAIDs MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Mucous barrier stomach | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type A chronic gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type B chronic gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| H. pylori | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lesser curvature pylorus and antrum; poor defense against acid; food aggravates pain
🗑
|
||||
| Duodenal ulcer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Perforated peptic ulcer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | giant rugal hyperplasia; protein loss from increased mucus
🗑
|
||||
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypergastrinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign tumor of stomach
🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal type adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diffuse type adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stomach MC site for extranodal lymphomas; H. pylori associated
🗑
|
||||
| Malabsorption | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes bile salt deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | failure to reabsorb xylose indicates small bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| Calcification of pancreas | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune disease; antibodies against gliadin in gluten; flat villi
🗑
|
||||
| Celiac disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | systemic infection; foamy macrophages with bacteria (PAS+ inclusions) in small bowel submucosa
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Campylobacter jejuni MCC; positive fecal smear for leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| show | loss isotonic fluid; enterotoxins from E. coli and V. cholerae
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypotonic loss fluid; laxatives, lactase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | common cause diarrhea in AIDS; MCC cholecystitis and pancreatitis in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| show | preformed toxin causes food poisoning; culture food
🗑
|
||||
| show | preformed toxin in fried rice and tacos; gram positive rods in stool
🗑
|
||||
| Clostridium botulinum (adult) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Clostridium botulinum (child) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembranous colitis; post-antibiotics; toxin assay stool; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| Shigella sonnei | show 🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella enteritidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella paratyphi | show 🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella typhi | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC intestinal TB in United States (swallow TB); Peyer’s patch site of infection
🗑
|
||||
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secretory diarrhea; toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
🗑
|
||||
| show | solution must contain glucose to reabsorb Na+ (co-transport)
🗑
|
||||
| show | mesenteric lymphadenitis; sepsis in iron overload states
🗑
|
||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in AIDS; acid-fast oocysts
🗑
|
||||
| Giardia lamblia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Trichuris trichiura | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anal pruritus; urethritis in girls; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| show | intestinal obstruction due to adult worms; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| Necator americanus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diphyllobothrium latum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Signs of small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiograph small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCC small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vomiting bile-stained fluid at birth; double bubble sign; Down syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Hirschsprung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Down syndrome; Chagas disease
🗑
|
||||
| Intussusception | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meconium ileus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | second MCC of small bowel obstruction; common in weight lifting
🗑
|
||||
| Gallstone ileus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC due to sigmoid colon twisting around mesentery
🗑
|
||||
| Direct inguinal hernia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Umbilical hernia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC site for polyps, cancer, diverticula
🗑
|
||||
| show | diffuse abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | embolism (atrial fibrillation), thrombosis SMA or SMV
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic colitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mesenteric angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | submucosal dilation of venules in cecum; cause of hematochezia
🗑
|
||||
| show | massive loss of blood per rectum; diverticulosis MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | persistence omphalomesenteric duct
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding MC (iron deficiency in children), diverticulitis
🗑
|
||||
| Meckel’s diverticulitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diverticulitis MC complication; MCC hematochezia and fistula formation
🗑
|
||||
| show | “left-sided acute appendicitis”
🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal/submucosal ulceration; starts in rectum; crypt abscess; ↑ risk adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| UC associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| Crohn’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain and diarrhea; fistulas (anal, bowl to bowel)
🗑
|
||||
| Carcinoid tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| Carcinoid syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor lesion colon cancer; size and number determine risk of malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | greatest risk for colon cancer (30%); secrete mucus rich in protein and potassium
🗑
|
||||
| Familial polyposis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD, polyposis plus osteomas and desmoid tumors
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD, polyposis plus brain tumors
🗑
|
||||
| show | second MC cancer and cancer killer in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruct; MC location rectosigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| Right-sided colorectal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to lymphoid hyperplasia in children and obstruction by fecalith in adults
🗑
|
||||
| External hemorrhoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bleed; prolapse out of rectum
🗑
|
||||
| Urobilinogen (UBG) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enterohepatic circulation to liver and kidney (color of urine)
🗑
|
||||
| Alcoholic liver disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | serum ALT>AST
🗑
|
||||
| Cholestasis markers | show 🗑
|
||||
| Unconjugated bilirubin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | water soluble; never normal in urine
🗑
|
||||
| % CB <20% (unconjugated) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gilbert’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; begins on day three
🗑
|
||||
| % CB 20-50% | show 🗑
|
||||
| % CB >50% | show 🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin, absent urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | extravascular hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Markers of severity of liver disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protective antibodies; day care centers, jails, homosexuals, traveling; not chronic
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis B | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis D | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anti-HBs alone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | recovered from HBV
🗑
|
||||
| HBsAg + HBeAg + HBVDNA + anti-HBc-IgM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anti HBc-IgM alone | show 🗑
|
||||
| HBsAg + anti-HBc-IgM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fulminant hepatic failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli in adults; S. pneumoniae in children; complication of ascites
🗑
|
||||
| Granulomatous hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amebiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Echinococcus granulosis; sheep dog definitive host; man intermediate host
🗑
|
||||
| Schistosomiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Clonorchis sinensis; ingesting encysted larvae in fish; cholangiocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Congestive hepatomegaly (centrilobular necrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Budd-Chiari syndrome; painful hepatomegaly; ascites; portal hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| Portal vein thrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fatty change; alcoholic hepatitis; cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ synthesis of glycerol 3P (substrate for TG synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoglycemia in alcoholics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ lactate, ↑ ßOHB (acetyl CoA converted to AcAc and then ßOHB)
🗑
|
||||
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with ulcerative colitis; MCC of cholangiocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Extrahepatic biliary atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acetaminophen, isoniazid, halothane
🗑
|
||||
| show | intrahepatic cholestasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | intrahepatic cholestasis; hepatic adenoma (intraperitoneal hemorrhage)
🗑
|
||||
| Methotrexate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vinyl chloride
🗑
|
||||
| Hemochromatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR disease; defect in copper excretion in bile and synthesis of ceruloplasmin
🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis, movement disorder (necrosis in putamen), Kayser Fleisher ring (Descemet’s membrane)
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| HELLP syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR, cannot secrete AAT from liver cell; cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | coma and microvesicular fatty change post viral infection; increased ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| Cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol (MC), HBV/HCV, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s, AAT deficiency, 1° biliary
🗑
|
||||
| show | mental status changes; ↑ serum ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ascites; varices; splenomegaly; hemorrhoids; caput medusae
🗑
|
||||
| Cause of ascites | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gynecomastia; spider angiomas; female hair distribution
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen related (steroids, oral contraceptives); intraperitoneal hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| Liver cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV and HCV MCC; ↑ AFP; hepatic/portal vein invasion
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary sclerosing cholangitis MCC, C.C sinensis
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis of cholesterol stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of extravascular hemolytic anemia (spherocytosis, HbSS)
🗑
|
||||
| show | stone impacted in cystic duct; right upper quadrant colicky pain with radiation to shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic cholecystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gallbladder cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | epigastric pain with radiation into back
🗑
|
||||
| show | localized ileus of duodenum due to acute pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | abdominal mass; persistence of ↑ serum amylase >1 week
🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol abuse, CF; malabsorption, pain, type I diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inability to concentrate urine
🗑
|
||||
| Fixed specific gravity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstructive jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine nitrite + positive urine leukocyte esterase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sterile pyuria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine; ↓ renal blood flow (e.g. heart failure, hypovolemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine due to intrinsic renal disease (acute tubular necrosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine due to obstruction to urine flow
🗑
|
||||
| show | <15:1 (renal failure); >15:1 (prerenal or postrenal azotemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio 10/1 - renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio 40/1 - prerenal azotemia or postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | measures GFR
🗑
|
||||
| show | important sign of renal dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| RBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| WBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fatty casts with Maltese crosses | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal unless associated with proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Renal tubular cell casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Waxy or broad casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hexagonal crystals
🗑
|
||||
| Horseshoe kidney | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC childhood cystic disease; abnormal development; flank mass
🗑
|
||||
| Maternal oligohydramnios | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult polycystic kidney disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Glomerular BM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nephritic syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | proteinuria >3.5 g/day; ascites and pitting edema; fatty casts; fusion of podocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Immunofluorescence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC GN; usually nephritic; episodic hematuria; mesangial IC (lgA-anti-IgA) deposits
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; subepithelial deposits; skin/pharyngeal infections; anti-DNAase B
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; subendothelial deposits; anti-DNA antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| Crescentic GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Goodpasture’s | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | young male with hemoptysis progressing to renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | podocyte fusion; loss of negative charge in glomerular BM
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic syndrome; AIDS and IV heroin abuse
🗑
|
||||
| Membranous GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HBV, ACE inhibitors, cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic; subepithelial deposits; HCV association; tram tracks
🗑
|
||||
| Type II MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| DM nodular glomerulosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nodules with collagen in mesangium; hyaline arteriolosclerosis of arterioles
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibit angiotensin II vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
🗑
|
||||
| show | XD hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss
🗑
|
||||
| show | prerenal azotemia MCC; renal tubular cell casts; BUN:creatinine ratio <15:1
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aminoglycosides, IVP dye, Pb/mercury poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotoxic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prerenal azotemia, ATN, glomerulonephritis, postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | vesicoureteral reflux with ascending infection; WBC casts, fever, flank pain
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I/IV reaction; e.g., penicillin
🗑
|
||||
| show | ARF, fever, rash, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| Analgesic nephropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myeloma kidney | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prevent by giving allopurinol prior to chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypovitaminosis D (no 1-α-hydroxylase); produces osteomalacia
🗑
|
||||
| Renal osteodystrophy CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary HPTH with increased osteoclastic activity
🗑
|
||||
| S/S CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | kidney of hypertension; shrunken kidneys due to hyaline arteriolosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone MCC; atrophy of cortex/medulla; postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| Renal stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to urease producing organisms (Proteus); alkaline urine pH; ammonia smell
🗑
|
||||
| Angiomyolipoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC; invasion renal vein/vena cava; lung, bone mets; yellow colored
🗑
|
||||
| show | flank mass, hematuria; ectopic hormones (EPO, PTH related peptide), left-sided varicocele
🗑
|
||||
| Renal pelvis transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wilm’s tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent urachus
🗑
|
||||
| Retroperitoneal fibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abdominal wall defect + epispadias
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder diverticula | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli; females > males; no fever, flank pain, or WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bladder adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bladder squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ventral opening on penis due to failure closure of urethral folds
🗑
|
||||
| show | dorsal opening on penis due to defect in genital tubercle
🗑
|
||||
| Peyronie’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Priapism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma penis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | undescended testis; risk for seminoma applies to cryptorchid testis and normal testis
🗑
|
||||
| show | mumps usually unilateral (infertility uncommon)
🗑
|
||||
| show | <35 - N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis; >35 - E. coli, P. aeruginosa
🗑
|
||||
| show | scrotal pain relieved by elevation of scrotum (Prehn’s sign)
🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent tunica vaginalis; scrotum transilluminates
🗑
|
||||
| show | testicle high in canal; absent cremasteric reflex
🗑
|
||||
| show | unilateral painless mass that does not transilluminate
🗑
|
||||
| show | cryptorchid testis, Klinefelter’s, testicular feminization
🗑
|
||||
| Seminoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spermatocytic variant | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhage/necrosis; hematogenous spread before lymphatic; ↑AFP, hCG
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC testicular cancer in boys; ↑AFP
🗑
|
||||
| Choriocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | more often benign in children than adult
🗑
|
||||
| Teratocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type in elderly; metastasis not primary cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT derived stimulation embryo; periurethral area - hyperplasia; peripheral area - cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT/estrogen-mediated; glandular/smooth muscle hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT-mediated; palpable with rectal exam; osteoblastic metastasis (↑ AP)
🗑
|
||||
| PSA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent GnRH, anosmia, absence of taste
🗑
|
||||
| Impotence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parasympathetic response
🗑
|
||||
| show | sympathetic response
🗑
|
||||
| Leydig cell failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ FSH (↓inhibin); ↓ sperm count; normal LH and testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ FSH and LH; ↓ testosterone and sperm count
🗑
|
||||
| show | determines genetic sex
🗑
|
||||
| show | develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens
🗑
|
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