17mech of breathing,18gas exchg/transport,19kidneys 20 fluid/elec balance
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 functions of the respiratory system | exchange gases, regulate pH, protect pathogens/irritants, vocalization
🗑
|
||||
| upper respiratory system | mouth, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| lower respiratory system | trachea, primary bronchioles, alveloi
🗑
|
||||
| inspiratory muscles | external intercostals, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes
🗑
|
||||
| expiratory muscles | internal intercostals, abdominals
🗑
|
||||
| processes of external respiration | 3exchanges-air between lungs & atm, O2& CO2 lungs and blood,gases blood & cells Transport O2 & CO2 by blood
🗑
|
||||
| Oxygen molecule from air to lung | mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, primary bronchi, branching bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| functions of pleural fluid | allow membranes to slide across each other, holds lungs tight against thoracic wall
🗑
|
||||
| Alveolar type I cells | exchange gases
🗑
|
||||
| Alveolar type II cells | secrete surfactant
🗑
|
||||
| Boyle's Law | breathing decrease volume=increase pressure
🗑
|
||||
| Law of Laplace | Larger Alveoli have Lower pressure
🗑
|
||||
| Dalton's Law | EGAD-exchange of gas is dalton's
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory system created volume change | diaphram contracts, volume up, relaxes, volume down
🗑
|
||||
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after normal expiration | expiratory reserve volume
🗑
|
||||
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly ispired after normal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume
🗑
|
||||
| The volume of air that remains in the respiratory system afer a forced expiration | residual volume
🗑
|
||||
| The volume of air moved during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume
🗑
|
||||
| Vital capacity(VC) air moved in/out per min | IRV+ERV+TV
🗑
|
||||
| Total lung capacity(TLC)vol air in lungs after max inhalation | IRV+TV+ERV+RV
🗑
|
||||
| Functional residual capacity(FRC) vol air left after tidal exhalation | ERV+RV
🗑
|
||||
| Inspiratory capacity(IC) vol inhaled after tidal expiration | IRV+TV
🗑
|
||||
| components to conditioning air before reaches alveoli | warm air, add moisture, filter foreign mat.
🗑
|
||||
| physical properties of lungs | compliance(stretch)elasticity(recoil)surface tension(pressure w/in alveoli)
🗑
|
||||
| Air moves from | high to low pressure
🗑
|
||||
| forced expiration muscles | internal intercostals, abs
🗑
|
||||
| function of surfactant | prevents surface tension from collapsing alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| bronchoconstriction | decreased diameter & increased resistance
🗑
|
||||
| bronchodialation | increased diameter & decreased resistance
🗑
|
||||
| parameters that regulate diameter of bronchiles | paracrines, nervous system control, hormones
🗑
|
||||
| CO2 & epi | bronchodialation
🗑
|
||||
| histamine & parasympathetic NS | bronchoconstriction
🗑
|
||||
| receptor epi binds to in brochioles | B2
🗑
|
||||
| total pulmonary ventilation | volume of air moved into & out of lungs/min
🗑
|
||||
| alveolar ventilation | volume of air reaching alveoli/min
🗑
|
||||
| anatomic dead space | volume of air that does NOT reach alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| Ventilation-perfusion matching in lungs | local regulation of airflow & blood flow changing diameter of arterioles & bronchioles
🗑
|
||||
| bronchiole diameter as CO2 increases | bronchodialation
🗑
|
||||
| pulmonary arteriole diameter as O2 decreases | contstrict
🗑
|
||||
| apnea | cessation of breathing
🗑
|
||||
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing
🗑
|
||||
| factors that influend diffusion of gases between alveoli & blood | surface areas of alveoli, diffusion distance, membrance thickness, [c] gradient of gas
🗑
|
||||
| O2 transported to the blood | 98% bound to Hb, 2% in plasma
🗑
|
||||
| structure of Hb | 4 globular protein + 1 heme
🗑
|
||||
| chemical element essential for Hb synthesis | Fe
🗑
|
||||
| hypoxia | too little O2
🗑
|
||||
| hypercapnia | too much CO2
🗑
|
||||
| categories of problems from hypoxia | inadequate O2 to alveoli, prob O2 exchange between alveoli & pulm caps, inadequate transport O2 in blood
🗑
|
||||
| Alveolar PO2 low because of | high altitude or hypoventilation
🗑
|
||||
| relationship between altitude and PO2 | increase in altitude, decrease in PO2
🗑
|
||||
| anemic hypoxia | Hb with low O2(blood loss, anemia, CO poisoning)
🗑
|
||||
| ischemic hypoxia | reduction in blood flow (heart failure,shock)
🗑
|
||||
| histotoxic hypoxia | failure of cells to use O2 properly(cyanide poisoning)
🗑
|
||||
| oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | gives % Hb sites that have bound O2 at diff PO2 loading and unloading of O2x=resting cell y= % O2 sat of Hb
🗑
|
||||
| causes shift to left on oxyhemoglobin curve | O2 not bound to Hb-O2 increased affinity of Hb for O2
🗑
|
||||
| causes shift to right on oxyhemoglobin curve | increase in CO2-decreased affinity of Hb for O2
🗑
|
||||
| 3 ways CO2 transported in blood | HCO3, dissolved CO2(plasma, carbaminohemoglobin(binds to)
🗑
|
||||
| equation in which CO2 converted into HCO3 | Co2 + H2O yields H2Co3 yeilds H + HCO3
🗑
|
||||
| enzyme that catalyzes CO2 conversion | carbonic anhydrase(CA)
🗑
|
||||
| chloride shift | CO2 diffuses into RBC ain in Cl ion inside blood, shifts rxn right RBC become more + HCO3 diffuses into blood
🗑
|
||||
| where reverse chloride shift occurs | alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| relationship between CO2 and pH levels in blood | CO2 increases pH decreases-inverse relationship
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory acidosis | increased CO2 retention-accum of carbonic acid & drop in pH
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory alkalosis | too little CO2 increase in pH (hyperventilate)
🗑
|
||||
| central chemoreceptors | medulla-CO2, PO2, pH- increases ventilation
🗑
|
||||
| peripheal chemoreceptors | carotid/aortic bodies-PO2, pH, PCO2-increase ventilation
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory center | located in medulla and pons (CNS)
🗑
|
||||
| central chemoreceptors respond to increased PCO2 | increase PCO2=decreased pH of CSF receptors in medulla send messages to respiratory center medulla send signal via motor neurons to resp nucleus and ventilation increases
🗑
|
||||
| functions of kidneys | regulate extracellular fluid volume & BP, reg somolarity, mainain ion balance, homeostatic reg of pH, excrete wasited, produce hormones
🗑
|
||||
| structures of urinary system in sequence | kids, ureters, bladder, urethra
🗑
|
||||
| 3 filtration barriers cross move from plasma into Bowman's cap | glomeruli consists of fenestrated caps, basal lamina, podocytes
🗑
|
||||
| forces promote glomerular filtration | hydrostatic of glomerus
🗑
|
||||
| forces oppose glomerular filtration | colloid pressure, hydrostatic fluid pressure inside Bowman's cap
🗑
|
||||
| GCF | Glomerular Filtration Rate - 125mL/min or 180L/day
🗑
|
||||
| cortical nephrons | almost completely contained w/in cortex
🗑
|
||||
| juxtamedullary nephrons | long loops of H dip down into medulla, vasta recta here
🗑
|
||||
| renal corpuscle | combo of glomerulus and Bowman's cap
🗑
|
||||
| renal portal system | afferent art to glomeruli to efferent art to peritubular caps
🗑
|
||||
| average amount of urine leaves body per day | 1-2L min 400 mL
🗑
|
||||
| filtration fraction | % of total plasma volume that is filtered into nephron
🗑
|
||||
| factors that influence GFR most | net filtration pressure, filtration coefficient
🗑
|
||||
| relationship between BP and GFR | BP up GFR up
🗑
|
||||
| mechanisms that goven autoregulation of GFR | myogenic response, tubloglomerular feedback, hormones & automoatic hormones
🗑
|
||||
| myogenic response | maintain constant GFR at local level
🗑
|
||||
| hormones that influence arteriolar resistance | Angiotensin II, prostoglandin
🗑
|
||||
| NS that innvervates afferent arteriole | sympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| ion that plays key role in bulk reabsorption proximal tubule | Na+
🗑
|
||||
| transepithelial transport | substances cross both apical and basolateral membrane
🗑
|
||||
| paracellular pathway | substances pass through th junction between two adjacent cells
🗑
|
||||
| properites of mediated transport | saturation, competition, specificity
🗑
|
||||
| below saturation, the rate of transport is propotional to | [substrate]
🗑
|
||||
| The rated of trasnport at saturation is also know as | transport maximum
🗑
|
||||
| For a particular substance, plasma concentration at which that substrate first appears in the urine is known as the | renal threshold
🗑
|
||||
| does filtration exhibit saturation | NO
🗑
|
||||
| glucose in the urine | glycosuria
🗑
|
||||
| renal excretion formula | filtration - reabsorption + secretion
🗑
|
||||
| In renal secretion, molecules move from the ___ to the ____ | EC fluid, nephron
🗑
|
||||
| renal clearance | rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion on metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| micturition | urination
🗑
|
||||
| NS involved in micturition reflex | Parasymp-contracts bladder, somatic moroe-controls external sphincter
🗑
|
||||
| 2 sphincters in micturition | internal, external
🗑
|
||||
| electolytes that must be regulated by body | Na, K, Ca, H, HCO3
🗑
|
||||
| Ascending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl | permeable to NaCl and K+, impermeable to H2O
🗑
|
||||
| Descending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl | only H2O absorbed
🗑
|
||||
| ion primary determinant of ECF volume | Na+
🗑
|
||||
| ion primary determinant of pH | H--makes more acidic
🗑
|
||||
| Vasopressin | net result=h2O reabsorp acts in collecting duct
🗑
|
||||
| What causes vasopressin to be released from post. pit | decreased BP or increased ECF osmolarity
🗑
|
||||
| countercurrent multiplier | arrangement of L of H that concentrates solute in renal medulla.
🗑
|
||||
| addition of NaCl raises osmolarity | triggers vasopressin & thirst
🗑
|
||||
| vasa recta | surrounds loop and removes H2O and NaCl is recycled
🗑
|
||||
| effects of angiotensin II beyond stimulating aldosterone secretion | affects BP, vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst,increases symp activity to heart & bv
🗑
|
||||
| ANP | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide produced in atria of heart
🗑
|
||||
| stimulus for ANP secretion and effects | stretch of atria stimulates and it enhances Na+ and H2O loss
🗑
|
||||
| hyperkalemia | too much K+
🗑
|
||||
| hypokalemia | too little K+
🗑
|
||||
| what happens when K concentrations are out of balance | cardiac arrhythmias
🗑
|
||||
| how does body compensate for decrease in BP(dehydration) | baroreceptors increase by vasoconstriction increase HR, increase contraction of heart, vasopressin released decreases BP
🗑
|
||||
| mechanisms body uses to cope with pH changes | 1st-buffers 2nd-ventilation 3rd renal regulation of H+ and HCO3
🗑
|
||||
| how kidneys alter pH | acidosis-secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3 alkadosis-reabsorb H+ and secrete HCO3
🗑
|
||||
| mechanisms activated when blood osmolarity increases(dehydration) | hypo stimulates vasopressin reabsorbtion of H2O(collecting duct) to blood conserve H2O and thirst initiated
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
wolfie4356
Popular Science sets