Terms from Ch 5-8
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| show | A relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience
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| Habitation | show 🗑
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| show | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response
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| Neutral stimulus | show 🗑
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| Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) | show 🗑
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| show | A response that is natural and needs no training (e.g. salivation at the smell of food)
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| show | a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused by the unconditioned stimulus
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| show | A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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| show | intense irrational fears
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| Post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) | show 🗑
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| Extinction | show 🗑
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| show | The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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| Stimulus Generalization | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not
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| show | Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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| Law of effect | show 🗑
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| show | the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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| show | Any stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again
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| Primary Reinforcer | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer
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| show | A stimulus that is added to the environment that brings about an increase in preceding response
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| show | An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
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| Punishment | show 🗑
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| show | weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
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| Negative Punishment | show 🗑
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| show | Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
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| show | A schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs
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| show | A schedule in which behavior is reinforced some but not all the time
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed number
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| show | A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed
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| show | A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
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| Discriminative stimulus | show 🗑
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| show | The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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| show | Built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors
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| show | A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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| show | the amount of time that has elapsed since a person or animal was rewarded
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| Cognitive Learning Theory | show 🗑
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| Latent Learning | show 🗑
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| Observational Learning | show 🗑
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| show | Characteristic ways of approaching material, based on their cultural background and unique pattern of abilities
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| Relational Learning Style | show 🗑
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| show | Learning style where one master material best when they first analyze the principles or components underlying an object, phenomenon, or situation by developing and understanding of the fundamental principles and components, and see the whole picture
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| show | The imitation of behaviors performed by others
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| show | Involves creating a mental representation of a spatial location
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| show | 1)Identify goals and target behaviors
2)Design a data-recording system and recording preliminary data
3)Selecting a behavior-change strategy
4)Implementing the program
5)Keeping records after implementation
6)Evaluating and altering ongoing program
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| Skinner Box | show 🗑
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| show | The initial process of remembering
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| show | the maintenance of material saved in memory
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| Retrieval | show 🗑
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| Memory | show 🗑
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| show | The initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.
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| Short-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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| show | memory that reflects information from the visual system
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| Echoic Memory | show 🗑
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| show | a grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory
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| show | the repetition of information that has entered the short-term memory
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| show | occurs when the information is considered and organized in some fashion
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| Working Memory | show 🗑
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| Serial Position Effect | show 🗑
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| Primary Effect | show 🗑
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| Recency Effect | show 🗑
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| show | memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and facts(things)
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| show | Memory for skills and habits(how to do things)
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| Semantic Memory | show 🗑
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| show | Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
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| Semantic Networks | show 🗑
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| show | Term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory
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| show | Part of the brains limbic system that plays a central role in the consolidation of memories(located in the within the brain's medial temporal lobe)
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| show | Another part of the limbic system that is involved with memories of emotion
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| Long-term Potential | show 🗑
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| Consolidation | show 🗑
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| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | show 🗑
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| Recall | show 🗑
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| Recognition | show 🗑
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| show | The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which it is analyzed and considered
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| Explicit Memory | show 🗑
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| show | Memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior
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| Priming | show 🗑
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| Flashbulb Memories | show 🗑
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| show | Processes in which information are influenced by the meaning we give to events
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| Schemas | show 🗑
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| show | Our recollections of our own life experiences
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| show | the loss of information in memory though nonuse
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| show | the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory
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| show | Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
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| Proactive interference | show 🗑
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| Retroactive interference | show 🗑
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| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
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| show | Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
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| show | amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events
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| Anterograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| Korsakoff's syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | States that the passage of time always increases forgetting
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| Keyword Technique | show 🗑
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| show | the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging, and decision making
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| Thinking | show 🗑
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| Mental Images | show 🗑
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| Concepts | show 🗑
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| show | Typical, highly representative examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or best example of the concept
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| Algorithm | show 🗑
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| Heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | Preparation, Production, Judgement
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| Well-defined problem | show 🗑
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| show | require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion
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| show | consist of an initial state, a goal state, and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state
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| show | Involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists
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| Subgoals | show 🗑
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| Insight | show 🗑
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| show | The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical uses
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| show | The tendency to approach a problem in a certain way because that method worked previously
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| show | bias in which problem solvers prefer their first hypothesis and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions
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| Creativity | show 🗑
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| Divergent thinking | show 🗑
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| Convergent thinking | show 🗑
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| Steps of Critical thinking | show 🗑
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| Availability Heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | A rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they represent(i.e., stand for) a certain category of people
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| Language | show 🗑
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| Grammar | show 🗑
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| Phonology | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest unit of speech(800 different)
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| show | the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences
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| show | the meaning of words and sentences
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| Babble | show 🗑
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| show | Language development early in life in which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language
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| show | Sentences in which only essential words are used
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| show | The phenomenon in which children employ rules even when doing so results in an error
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| Learning-Theory Approaches | show 🗑
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| Nativist Approach | show 🗑
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| show | The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language
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| Linguistic-relativity hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
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| show | the single, general factor from mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence
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| Fluid Intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | The accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education
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| show | Gardner argues that we have a minimum eight different forms of intelligence, each relatively independent of the other: musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathimatical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, inrtapersonal, and naturalist
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| show | Involves identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence
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| show | Intelligence related to overall success in living
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| Emotional Intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | Test devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence
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| Mental Age | show 🗑
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| show | A measure of intelligence that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages
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| show | Test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV(WAIS-IV) & Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV) | show 🗑
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| show | The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
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| Validity | show 🗑
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| Norms | show 🗑
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| Standardized Tests | show 🗑
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| Adaptive Testing | show 🗑
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| show | a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functions and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
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| Mild Retardation | show 🗑
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| Fetal Alcohol syndrom | show 🗑
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| show | Results when a person is born with 47 chromosomes instead of 46
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| Familiar Retardation | show 🗑
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| show | A process that increased educational opportunities for individuals with intellectual disabilities, facilitating their integration into regular classrooms as much as possible
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| Intellectually Gifted | show 🗑
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| show | A test trial that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
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| show | A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
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| Motivation | show 🗑
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| Instincts | show 🗑
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| Drive-reduction approaches to motivation | show 🗑
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| show | Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
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| Primary Drives | show 🗑
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| show | Prior experience and learning bring about needs
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| show | The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state(underlies primary drives)
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| Arousal approaches to motivation | show 🗑
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| show | an anticipated external reward
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| Incentive approaches to motivation | show 🗑
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| show | Theory that suggest that motivation is a result of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
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| show | motivation that causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us
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| show | Motivation that causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other actual, concrete reward
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| show | A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way
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| Obesity | show 🗑
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| Body Mass Index(BMI) | show 🗑
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| Hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain
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| show | The rate at which food is converted into energy and expended by the body
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| Anorexia Nervosa | show 🗑
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| show | A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge food though vomiting or other means
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| Androgens | show 🗑
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| Genitals | show 🗑
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| show | Female sex hormones
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| show | The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries, making the chances of fertilization by sperm cell highest
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| Masterbation | show 🗑
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| show | Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the opposite sex, consists of far more that male-female intercourse
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| show | View that premarital sex is permissible for males, but not for females
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| show | Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse
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| Homosexuality | show 🗑
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| Bisexuality | show 🗑
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| Transsexuality | show 🗑
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| show | A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for an achieving challenged goals
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| show | An Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
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| show | A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as powerful individuals, is an additional type of motivation
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| Emotions | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that we experience emotions as a result of physiological changes that produce specific emotional experience
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| show | Suggested that for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or "gut" reaction of internal organs
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| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | show 🗑
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| Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion | show 🗑
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| Six basic emotions | show 🗑
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| Facial-affect program | show 🗑
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| Facial-feedback hypothesis | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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