The Brain
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Gilia | Support neurons
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| Neuron | Individual cells and the smallest unit of the nervous system
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| Cell body (soma) | Contains neuron's nucleus where metabolism takes place
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| Dendrites | Short fibers that extend from the soma and pick up incoming messages
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| Axon | Long fiber extending out from the soma. Carries out long messages.
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| Myelin Sheath | White fatty covering found on some axons that act as insulation
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| Terminal buttons | Small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters located on the axon terminal
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| Nerves | Group of axons bundled together - neurons that send messages to the brain
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| Afferent / sensory neurons | Neurons that send messages to the brain
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| Efferent or motor neurons | Neurons that send messages from the brain or spinal chord to muscles or glands
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| Interneurons | Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another (99% of neurons)
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| Mirror neurons | Observation of an action that automatically triggers simulation of that action
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| 2 ways neurons terminated | Broken down by other chemicals or recycled / reabsorbed into axon chemicals to be reused
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| Slowing / stop of release of neurotransmitter into synaptic space | Curare causing botulism prevents release of ACh and causes paralysis and death
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| Speeding up of release of neurotransmitter into synaptic space | Black widow toxin rises levels of ACh and causes spasms and tremors
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| Prevent reabsorption of neurotransmitters | Cocaine blocks the reusing of dopamine
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| Pre-synaptic | Sending neurotransmitters
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| Post-synaptic | Receiving neurotransmitters
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| ACh (Acetylcholine) | Enables muscle action (Excitatory).
Alzheimer's disease (undersupply)
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| Dopamine | Influences movement, attention, emotion, pleasure (Inhibitory)
Schizophrenia (Excess), Parkinson's and tremors (limited)
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| Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep onset, arousal (Inhibitory)
Depression (undersupply) - Prozac / antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels
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| Norepinephrine | Controls alertness and arousal (Excitatory)
Depression and mood change (undersupply)
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| GABA | Decreases anxiety (Inhibitory)
Seizures, tremors, insomnia (undersupply)
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| Glutamate | Involved in memory (Excitatory)
Migraines - overstimulates brain (oversupply)
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| Endorphins | Inhibits transmissions of pain messages (can help lower pain if too much)
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| Peripheral | Nervous system - relating to rest of body (not brain / spinal chord)
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| Brain and spinal chord | Nervous system - its core
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| Somatic | Nervous system - voluntary movement, controls skeletal (striped or striated) muscles
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| Autonomic | Nervous system - involuntary movement
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| Sympathetic | Nervous system - threat - fight or flight response
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| Parasympathetic | Nervous system - no threat - calming
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| All or not law | Rule that says either neuron fires fully or it doesn't at all
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| Resting potential | Cell's negative charge when neuron is inactive (more Cl- ions than K+ / Na+) - cell is polarized
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| Action potential | A brief change in the neuron's electrical charge (depolarization) when cell reaches the threshold of excitation. Minimum # of impulses from neighboring neurons that cause cell to fire
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| Absolute refractory period | Minimum length of time after action potential before another can begin - takes 1/2 milliseconds before sodium gates can be reopened
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| Agonist | Binds directly on receptor site
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| Antagonist | Blocks the receptor site
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| Curare | Toxin used by South American natives to tip spears - blocks ACh receptors - causes paralysis / death
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| Resting potential | Cell's negative charge when neuron is inactive (more Cl- ions than K+ / Na+) - cell is polarized
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| Action potential | A brief change in the neuron's electrical charge (depolarization) when cell reaches the threshold of excitation. Minimum # of impulses from neighboring neurons that cause cell to fire
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| Absolute refractory period | Minimum length of time after action potential before another can begin - takes 1/2 milliseconds before sodium gates can be reopened
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| Agonist | Binds directly on receptor site
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| Antagonist | Blocks the receptor site
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| Curare | Toxin used by South American natives to tip spears - blocks ACh receptors - causes paralysis / death
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| Clinical observation | Oldest method of studying brain-mind connections is to observe effects of brain diseases and injuries
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| Lesioning | Destroys a piece of the brain with a stereotaxic instrument - device used to implant electrodes at precise areas in brain to determine brain-behavior relationships
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| Electrical stimulation | Involves sending weak current into brain structure to activate it, and can determine brain-behavior relationships
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Monitors electrical activity of brain over time - records electrodes attached to surface of scalp, and can be used in clinical diagnosis of brain damage / neurological disorders and used in research
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| Computerized tomography (CAT) | Computer-enhanced X ray of brain that can be used to look for abnormalities in brain structure among people suffering specific types of mental illness
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| Positron Emission Topography (PET) | Monitors brain’s activity over time through radioactively labeled glucose that can pinpoint areas of brain that handle various activities, and study effect of specific neurotransmitters
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | Magnetic fields, radio waves, computer enhancement to view brain structure (best detail of soft tissues and fluid filled areas)
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| Functional MRI | Monitors blood and oxygen flow to brain to identify high activity - shows both structural and functional info in same image, monitors changes of brain in real time
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| Medulla | Used for unconscious functions - breathing, maintaining muscle tone, heartbeat and circulation
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| Reticular formation | Fibers carrying stimulation (sleep / arousal) through brainstem. Used for muscle reflex, breathing, and pain perception, and sleep/wakefulness - damage causes coma
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| Thalamus | Relays sensory information except smell
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| Cerebellum | Coordinates muscle movement, balance, sense of equilibrium
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| Limbic system | Regulates memory, emotion, and motivation
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| Amygdala | Used for emotions, especially fear and aggression
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| Hippocampus | Used for learning and memory
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| Hypothalamus | Regulates biological needs like hunger, thirst, and temp control. Controls the endocrine system by activating pituitary gland
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| Cerebrum | Used for thinking, learning, sensing, consciousness, and voluntary movement (newest in evolution)
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| Cerebral cortex | Convoluted outer layer of cerebrum
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| Corpus callosum | Used to pass information between two cerebral hemispheres through fibers
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| Pituitary gland | Regulates other endocrine glands by sending hormones stimulating actions in other glands, called master gland - controlled by hypothalamus
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| Pons | Regulates sleep and arousal
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| Spinal cord | Used to transmit information between brain and rest of body - handles reflexes
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| Frontal lobe | Lobe used as motor area, for reasoning, planning, organizing, and language (HIGHER THOUGHT)
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| Temporal lobe | Lobe used as auditory cortex (hearing, understanding language)
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| Parietal lobe | Lobe used as somatosensory (sense of touch) cortex
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| Occipital | Lobe used as visual cortex - sent and processed
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| Right side of brain | Hemisphere of brain used for visual and spatial tasks (controls left side of brain)
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| Left side of brain | Hemisphere of brain used for language process (controls right side of body)
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| Broca's area | Area of brain (left hemisphere) used for production of speech
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| Wernicke's area | Area of brain (left hemisphere) used for understanding language
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| Split brain studies | Procedure when corpus callosum is severed (object on left field of view sends signal to right side, not able to be described in words)
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| Endocrine system | Body system consisting of glands that send chemicals to bloodstream to control bodily functions
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| Hormones | Chemicals often released by endocrine glands (Ex: adrenaline, estrogen, testosterone)
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| Chromosomes | Consist of DNA and protein, regular humans have 23
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| Turner's syndrome | Disability formed by having no Y chromosome - sterile women with no ovaries, little development of sex characteristics
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| Klinefelter's syndrome | Disability formed by having a Y chromosome, and 2 or more X chromosomes - sterile men with female characteristics
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| Homozygous | When two genes in a pair are the same
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| Heterozygous | When two genes in a pair are different
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| Genotype | Consists of organism's genes, which never change
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| Phenotype | Consists of organism's characteristics, which can change as one ages
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| Plasticity | Idea that structure and function of brain are more malleable than we thought
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| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | Procedure where magnetic coil sends magnetic field 2 cm deep which allows for virtual temporary lesions
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Created by:
uriel_magana
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