Ch8 Test: Geologic Time Scale
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Earth’s history is recorded on a time line called the ___ ___ ___. | geologic time scale
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| Paleontologists divide units of time using __ __ selected by certain criteria. | index fossils
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| Index fossils must have ___ ___, so they are preserved easily. | hard parts
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| Index Fossils must be geographically ____, so they are easily found | widespread
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| Index fossils must have lived in many ____, so as to be preserved in many rock types. | environments
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| Index fossils must become ____ after a short period, so that small units can be established. | extinct
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| The divisions of the geologic time scale are eons, eras, periods, and ____ | epochs
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| ___ are the largest divisions and represent the longest time periods | Eons
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| The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three ____: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic | eras
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| The Cenozoic Era is divided into the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary _____. | periods
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| A ___ ___ is the dying off of many different species during a short geologic time period. | mass extinction
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| ___ percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct | Ninety-nine
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| Mass extinctions can happen over a period of several ___ years | million
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| A ___ ___ causes a drastic change in the numbers of organisms over a short period of time. | catastrophic event
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| There is evidence that ___ ___(global warming or cooling) has caused some mass extinctions, including those ending the Devonian and Ordovician periods. | climate change
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| Global warming is linked to ___ ___, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere | greenhouse gases
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| ___ ___ can cause can cause oxygen levels in water to decrease and sea levels torise. | Global warming
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| ___ ___ could lower sea levels and decrease warm, shallow-water environments | Global cooling
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| ___ can contribute to mass extinctions by emitting dust, ash, lava, and gases that can affect climate and organisms | Volcanoes
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| The 1902 eruption of Mt. Pelee produced a cloud of dust and gas that caused worldwide___. | cooling
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| The mass extinction ending the ___ period is attributed to volcanic eruption | Cretaceous
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| ___ ___, including the Siberian and Deccan Traps, may have caused mass extinctions | Basalt flows
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| ___ ___ can cause climate change by blocking the Sun’s rays | Volcanic haze
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| An ___ impact is thought to have contributed to the Cretaceous mass extinction | asteroid
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| The impact could shroud the Earth in sun-blocking dust and haze, lowering temperaturesand inhibiting ___. | photosynthesis
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| ___ time represents 88 percent of Earth’s history | Precambrian
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| ___ in adjacent rock layers are more similar than fossils in widely separated layers | Fossils
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| The more ___ a fossil was formed, the more it resembles a living organism | recently
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| Precambrian time is divided into three ___: Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic | eons
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| Most Precambrian rock is ___, so it is more difficult to date. | metamorphosed
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| Precambrian atmosphere had very little ___ and no ozone layer | oxygen
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| Ancient ___ contain fossils of Earth’s earliest known organisms | stromatolites
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| Stromatolites are composed of alternating layers of sediments and ___ | cyanobacteria
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| ___ are single-celled,photosynthetic blue-green algae | Cyanobacteria
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| Cyanobacteria released ___ into the atmosphere through photosynthesis | oxygen
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| ___ ___ began to favor organisms that used oxygen | Natural selection
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| An ___ ___ developed to shield Earth from ultraviolet rays | ozone layer
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| More complex, soft-bodied organisms, called ___ ___, evolved | Ediacaran fauna
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| Organisms with hard parts evolved during the ___ Era | Paleozoic
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| During the ___ explosion, shelled animals and other invertebrates greatly increased in number and diversity. | Cambrian
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| ___ were the most commonly fossilized organisms of the Cambrian Period | Trilobites
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| Invertebrates, such as corals and brachiopods, evolved, as did ___ | insects
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| Vertebrates evolved during the ___ Era, many of which lived in oceans | Paleozoic
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| One group of bony fish evolved into modern fish; the other evolved into ___ | amphibians
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| ___, which lay watertight eggs, allowed organisms to spread into drier habitats | Amniotes
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| Plants developed ___ systems, allowing them to spread onto land | vascular
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| ___ ___, ferns, and pine trees appeared during the Mississippian and PennsylvanianPeriods | Club mosses
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| Club mosses, ferns, and pine trees became large ___ deposits used as an energy resource today | coal
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| ___ ___ occurred during the Ordovician, Devonian, and Permian Periods | Mass extinctions
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| The late ___ extinction ended the Paleozoic era, with the extinction of 90 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land pecies. | Permian
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| Two causes of the Permian extinction are the uplifting of ___ and the emission of ash and sulfur from theSiberian Traps. | Pangaea
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| The ___ Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods | Mesozoic
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| Algae, ___, stromatolite organisms, and reef-building corals evolved during the Mesozoic Era | clams
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| Ocean vertebrates included predatory reptiles; land vertebrates included frogs, crocodiles, ___, and dinosaurs | pterosaurs
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| ___ evolved from small to larger species, including the Apatosaurus | Dinosaurs
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| Scientists originally thought dinosaurs were ___-___, but they now believe dinosaurs’structures were more similar to those of mammals and birds | cold-blooded
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| Dinosaurs became ___ at the end of the Cretaceous Period | extinct
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| ___ was a dinosaurlike animal believed to be an ancestor of birds | Archaeopteryx
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| ___ evolved in the Triassic Period alongside the dinosaurs | Mammals
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| As dinosaurs became extinct, mammals moved into their ___ | niches
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| ___, plants with seeds but no flowers, dominated the Mesozoic Era | Gymnosperms
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| ___, flowering plants, appeared near the end of the Mesozoic Era | Angiosperms
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| Mass extinctions occurred at the end of the ___, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods | Triassic
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| The current era, the ___, is divided into seven epochs | Cenozoic
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| Modern mammals, including modern whales and ___, evolved | primates
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| Primates have opposable ___ and two eyes that look forward | thumbs
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| About 4.4 million years ago, the ___, the group that includes homo sapiens, evolved | hominids
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| ___ plants increased and diversified into the more than 250,000 species that exist today | Flowering
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| Extinctions in the Cenozoic Era have occurred by natural selection and due to ___ causes | human
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