vocal chapter 1 & 2
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| Psychology | scientific study of thought and behavior
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| Cognitive psychology | the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems
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| Development psychology | how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span
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| Biological psychology | the relationship between bodily system and chemicals and how they influence though and behavior
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| Behavioral neuroscience | studies link among brain, mind and behavior
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| Personality psychology | what makes people unique and the consistence in people behavior across time and situations
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| Social psychology | study of how living among others influence thought, feeling and behavior
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| *Clinical psychology | diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders and promotion of psychological health
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| *Counseling psychology | diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorder and promotion of psychological health
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| Health psychology | role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness
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| Educational psychology | study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, social psychology of schools and the psychology of teaching
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| *School psychology | practice by counselors in school setting
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| Industrial/organizational(I/o) psychology | application of psychological concepts and questions to work setting
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| Sport psychology | factors that affect performance, participation in sports and exercise
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| Forensic psychology | blend of psychology, law and criminal justice
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| Shamans | medicine men/woman who treat people w/mental problems by driving out their demons w/ elaborate rituals, such as exorcism, incantation and prayers
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| *Trephination | drilling a small hole in a persons skull, usually less than an inch in diameter
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| Asylums | facilities for treating mentally ill In Europe during the middle ages and into the 19th century
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| Moral treatment | 19th cent approach to treat the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment
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| Psychoanalysis | clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorder, assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind though and behavior
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| Empiricism | the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience
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| Psychophysics | the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli
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| Structuralism | breaking down experience into elements to understand thought and behavior
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| Introspection | looking into the mind for information about nature of conscious experience
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| Funcionalism | Study of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works they way it does tan to describe it's parts
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| Behaviorism | psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not idea, thoughts and feelings
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| Humanistic psychology | personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching ones highest potential
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| Positive psychology | a scientific approach to studying, understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning
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| Gestalt psychology | a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as compilation of parts
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| Evolution | change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species
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| Natural selection | feedback process that nature favors one design over other because of impact on reproduction
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| Adaptation | inherited solution to ancestral problems that have been selected for because the contribute in some way to reproductive success
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| Evolutionary psychology | branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors
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| Nature through nurture | the positive that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.
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| Soft wiring | biological systems-genes, brain structures and brain cells, are inherited but open to modification from the environment
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| Scientific thinking | using cognitive skills required to generate, tests, revise theories
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| *Theory | sets of related assumption from which scientists can make testable prediction
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| Hypothesis | specific, informed, testable prediction of the outcome that should occur under certain conditions
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| Replications | to confirm results, essential to scientific process
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| Pseudoscience | claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with scientific method
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| Research designs | plans for how to conduct a study
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| Variable | characteristic that changes or varies, age, gender, weight, intelligent, anxiety and extraversion
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| Population | a group a researcher is interested in
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| Sample | subsets of the population studied in a research project
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| Descriptive designs | researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control/ manipulate anything
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| Case study | a therapist observes 1 person over a long period of time
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| Naturalistic observation | researchers observe/record behavior in real world
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| Representative sample | a research sample that reflects the population
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| Meta analysis | research technique for combining all research on one question and drawing conclusions
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| Effect size | measure of strength of the relationship between 2 variables of the extent of experimental effect
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| Correlational designs | measure 2 or more variable and relationship to one another, not designed to show causation
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| Correlation coefficients | statistics that range from -1 to +1and asses strength and direction of associating between 2 variable
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| Experiment | a research design that includes independent and dependent variable and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions
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| IV | manipulated by an experimenter under controlled condition to determine weather it caused the predicted outcome of an experiment
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| DV | In experiments, the outcome of a response to an experiment manipulation
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| Random assignment | method to assign participants to different research conditions to get a different groups of people to represent the population
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| Control group | participants who are treats as same as experimental but do not receive IV
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| Experimental group | participants who receive treatment or whatever it thought to change behavior
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| Placebo | appears to look like the actual treatment but lacks active substance
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| Confounding variable | variable whose influence on dependent variable cannot be separated from IV being examined
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| Single blind studies | participants do not know the experimental condition to what they have been assigned
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| Double blind | participants and researchers do not know what they have been assigned too
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| Experimenter expectancy effect | behavior of participants is influenced by experimenter knowledge of who is in which condition
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| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true
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| Measures | tools and techniques use to asses thought and behavior
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| Self report | written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feeling or actions
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| Social desirability bias | tendency toward favorable self presentation, which could lead to inaccurate self reports
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| Behavioral measures | Systematic observation of peoples action either in their normal environment (naturalistic observation) or in a laboratory setting
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| Physiological measures | bodily responses such as blood pressure, heart rate, use to determine changes in psychological state
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| Statistic | collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numeric data
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| Description |
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| Descriptive statistic | measure used to describe and summarize research
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| Mean | adding all numbers and dividing by total number
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| Median | middle score
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| Mode | frequently occurring score
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| Standard deviation | statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean
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| Frequency | number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data
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| Normal distribution | plot of how frequent data are symmetrical, most scores in the middle and a few are extremes
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| Inferential statistics | analyses of data that allow to test hypotheses and make inferences and inference how a sample score is to occur in population. draw conclusions
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| t-test | compare two means to see whether they could come from sample populating
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| ethics | rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation-write or wrong
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| debriefing | to inform participants of exact purpose of study, hypothesis, deception practices
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| institutional review board | evaluate proposals to make research involving humans do not cause undue harm or distress
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| quasi experimental design | like an experimental design but use naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigned ones
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| scientific method | procedures by which scientist conduct research consisting of the five basic processes of observation, prediction, testing, interpretation and communication
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| industrial side | matching employees to their jobs and uses psychological principles and methods to select employees and evaluate job performance
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| organizational side | make workers more productive/satisfied by how work enviorment, managment style influence motivation, satifactoty/ productivity
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| nature view | who we are come from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits
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| nuture view | same as birth and we are product of our experience
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| by products | features that did not arise through natural selection
ex. feathers for birds
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