Neuroscience
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| show | the utricle and the saccule
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| show | the macula (otolith organ)
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| show | crista ampullaris
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| Vestibular receptors transduce stimuli of movement and postition of the head into what that are then sent to the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | True, the three cristae and the two maculae contain hair cells, which are also called sensory receptors.
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| show | kinocilium
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| show | There are 60-100 stereocilia; arranged in rows of varying height. The longest stereocilia are next to the kinocilium. As one moves away from the kinocilium, the stereocilia become progressively shorter.
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| What does this type of arrangement do to the hair cell anatomically and physiologically? | show 🗑
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| show | The bending of the stereocilia causes changes in the flow of ions across cell membrane.
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| When the stereocilia bends towards the kinocilium, what happens to the cell? What does the cell release? Is there an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials and firing rate of sensory nerve fibers? | show 🗑
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| show | Cell hyperpolarization and decreased rate of firing.
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| show | -From small collection of cells in pons, just lateral to abducens nucleus
-Synapse w/ hair cells or their afferent fibers
-May control sensitivity of hair cells.
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| Describe what the maculae are. | show 🗑
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| When the head is upright, the utricular macula is roughly _________ and the saccule macule is roughly _________. | show 🗑
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| Hairs are embedded in what? | show 🗑
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| show | bending of stereocilia, some cells are depolarized and some are hyperpolarized (polarity of all cells is not the same in all areas of the macula)
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| The otolithic membrane of each macula contains a small, curving depression which roughly bisects the underlying macula. What is this depression called? | show 🗑
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| show | the striola
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| show | away from the striola
(**memory trick --> two s's will repel each other, like two north ends of a magnet)
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| show | different
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| Maculae respond to position of head with respect to what? | show 🗑
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| show | pitch
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| show | roll
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| What does the Crista Ampullaris respond to? | show 🗑
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| Anatomically describe where/what the Crista Ampullaris is. | show 🗑
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| The hair cells of the Crista Ampullaris are covered by what? | show 🗑
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| All hair cells in a crista ampullaris have the _______ polarization. | show 🗑
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| show | ... particular plane. Because ducts are arranged in roughly orthogonal planes, movements in any direction can be detected.
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| Lateral (horizontal) semicircular ducts are almost __________ (tilted backward ___ w/ respect to horizontal plane) | show 🗑
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| Anterior and Posterior semicircular ducts are roughly ________ & _________ to each other. | show 🗑
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| Anterior semicircular duct on one side is _________ to posterior semicircular duct on the other side. Anterior duct of one side forms a __________________ with posterior duct of the other side. | show 🗑
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| show | functional pair
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| show | oppositely polarized; opposite ways
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| show | comparator units
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| show | Interpret head rotation on basis of relative discharge rates of left and right semicircular canals.
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| Primary sensory (afferent) vestibular neurons are _______ neurons. Their cell bodies form _________, located within the internal acoustic meatus. | show 🗑
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| show | Hair cells of maculae and cristae ampullares.
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| The central processes of the primary sensory (afferent) sensory vestibular neurons form what? | show 🗑
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| Most of their central processes (axons) terminate in what? | show 🗑
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| Where are the vestibular nuclei located? | show 🗑
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| show | juxtarestiform body (primary vesitibulocerebellar fibers); terminate in cortex of flocculo-nodular lobe and fastigial nucleus (most medial of cerebellar nuclei)
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| Fibers that originate from vestibular nuclei terminate in 3 main areas of the CNS. Name them. | show 🗑
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| The lateral vestibulospinal tract consists of axons that orginate mostly from what? | show 🗑
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| How does the lateral vestibulospinal tract descend? | show 🗑
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| show | Exerts excitatory influence on motor neurons that innervate paravertebral and limb extensor muscles.
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| The medial vestibulospinal tract consists of what? | show 🗑
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| show | The medial vestibulospinal tract descends bilaterally in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord as part of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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| show | only to cervical spinal cord segments --> controls neck muscles. Plays a role in stabilizing head position.
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| The Vestibular ganglion and the vestibular nuclei send fibers to the cerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) vis what? | show 🗑
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| Cerebellum sends fibers to vestibular nuclei vis what? | show 🗑
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| Vestibular nuclei send fibers to motor nuclei of CN's III, IV, and VI via what? These connections are important how? | show 🗑
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| Perception of motion and spatial orientation arise through convergence of information from what 3 systems at what level? | show 🗑
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| Vestibular nuclei project __________ to thalamus (ventral posterolateral nucleus and posterior nuclei) | show 🗑
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| Thalamic neurons project to two cortical areas located where? | show 🗑
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| What is nystagmus? What phase it is named for? | show 🗑
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| show | Perception of body motion, when no real motion is occuring; accompanied w/ vomiting, nausea, light-headedness and fainting.
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| benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior semicircular duct abnormalities seem to be implicated
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| show | otoconial crystals from uticular macula separate from otolithic membrane and become lodged in cupula of crista ampullaries of posterior semicircular duct (cupulolithiasis)
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| show | Increased density of cupula causes abnormal cupula deflections when head changes position relative to gravity.
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| show | recurrent episodes of vertigo accompanied by hearing loss, tinnitis (ringing in the ears), nystagmus, nausea, and vomiting.
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| show | Meniere's Disease is probably caused by an imbalance between production and reabsorption of endolymph --> excessive amt of endolymph and distention of membranous labyrinth (endolymph hydrops)
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| What is the first course of treatment for Meniere's Disease? | show 🗑
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| What are second treatment options for Meniere's Disease? | show 🗑
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Created by:
Lisa1585