Neuroscience
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| The vestibular receptors are what structures? | show 🗑
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| show | the macula (otolith organ)
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| One end of each semicircular duct is dilated (ampulla) and contains a sensory receptor. What is the name of this sensory receptor within the ampulla? | show 🗑
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| Vestibular receptors transduce stimuli of movement and postition of the head into what that are then sent to the brain? | show 🗑
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| True or False - The 3 cristae and the 2 maculae contain hair cells (sensory transducers) | show 🗑
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| show | kinocilium
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| Approximately how many hair cells are there? How are they arranged? | show 🗑
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| What does this type of arrangement do to the hair cell anatomically and physiologically? | show 🗑
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| The bending of stereocilia causes changes in what across the cell membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | -Cell becomes depolarized
-Cell releases Neurotransmitter (glutamate or aspartate)
-Increase in action potentials and firing rate of sensory nerve fibers.
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| show | Cell hyperpolarization and decreased rate of firing.
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| show | -From small collection of cells in pons, just lateral to abducens nucleus
-Synapse w/ hair cells or their afferent fibers
-May control sensitivity of hair cells.
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| show | The Maculae are 2 patches of hair cells and supporting cells located in the walls of the utricle and saccule (one maculae is in each)
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| When the head is upright, the utricular macula is roughly _________ and the saccule macule is roughly _________. | show 🗑
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| Hairs are embedded in what? | show 🗑
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| Displacement of the otolithic membrane causes what? | show 🗑
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| The otolithic membrane of each macula contains a small, curving depression which roughly bisects the underlying macula. What is this depression called? | show 🗑
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| show | the striola
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| show | away from the striola
(**memory trick --> two s's will repel each other, like two north ends of a magnet)
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| show | different
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| Maculae respond to position of head with respect to what? | show 🗑
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| forward and backward tilting --> | show 🗑
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| show | roll
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| What does the Crista Ampullaris respond to? | show 🗑
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| show | The Crista Ampullaris is a transversely oriented ridge of tissue (containing hair cells and supporting cells) located in the ampulla of each semicircular duct.
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| The hair cells of the Crista Ampullaris are covered by what? | show 🗑
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| show | same. deflection of cupula in one direction causes all cells to depolarize and afferent fibers to increase firing rate. Deflection of cupula in opposite direction causes all cells to hyperpolarize and a decrease in firing rate of afferent fibers.
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| show | ... particular plane. Because ducts are arranged in roughly orthogonal planes, movements in any direction can be detected.
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| show | horizontal, 30 degrees
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| Anterior and Posterior semicircular ducts are roughly ________ & _________ to each other. | show 🗑
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| show | parallel; functional pair
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| show | functional pair
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| Hair cells in the two ducts of a functional pair are ____________ polarized. The two ducts respond in ___________ ways to head movements which affect them. | show 🗑
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| show | comparator units
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| show | Interpret head rotation on basis of relative discharge rates of left and right semicircular canals.
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| show | bipolar neurons, their cell bodies form vestibular ganglions
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| show | Hair cells of maculae and cristae ampullares.
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| The central processes of the primary sensory (afferent) sensory vestibular neurons form what? | show 🗑
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| show | Vestibular Nuclei (superior, inferior, lateral, and medial)
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| show | Vestibular nuclei located in posterolateral part of upper medulla and lower pons, immediately underneath floor of 4th ventricle.
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| show | juxtarestiform body (primary vesitibulocerebellar fibers); terminate in cortex of flocculo-nodular lobe and fastigial nucleus (most medial of cerebellar nuclei)
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| Fibers that originate from vestibular nuclei terminate in 3 main areas of the CNS. Name them. | show 🗑
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| show | lateral vestibular nucleus
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| How does the lateral vestibulospinal tract descend? | show 🗑
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| What does the lateral vestibulospinal tract do? | show 🗑
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| show | axons that originate primarily from medial vestibular nucleus (some fibers also originate from lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei)
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| How does the medial vestibulospinal tract descend? | show 🗑
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| Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract project to? | show 🗑
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| The Vestibular ganglion and the vestibular nuclei send fibers to the cerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) vis what? | show 🗑
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| Cerebellum sends fibers to vestibular nuclei vis what? | show 🗑
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| Vestibular nuclei send fibers to motor nuclei of CN's III, IV, and VI via what? These connections are important how? | show 🗑
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| show | vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems at thalmocortical levels.
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| show | bilaterally
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| show | at the inferior end of the primary somatosensory cortex (areas 3a and 2v)
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| What is nystagmus? What phase it is named for? | show 🗑
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| What is vertigo? | show 🗑
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| benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | show 🗑
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| What is the hypothesized pathology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo? | show 🗑
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| What, theoretically, happens to the posterior semicircular duct? | show 🗑
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| show | Increased density of cupula causes abnormal cupula deflections when head changes position relative to gravity.
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| Describe the characteristics/symptoms of Meniere's Disease. | show 🗑
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| show | Meniere's Disease is probably caused by an imbalance between production and reabsorption of endolymph --> excessive amt of endolymph and distention of membranous labyrinth (endolymph hydrops)
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| show | diuretic and salt-restricted diet
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| What are second treatment options for Meniere's Disease? | show 🗑
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Created by:
Lisa1585