PCC-HR-1A-Freud
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| Personality Theory | consists of two separate, but interrelated, theories: structural theory and developmental theory
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| Structural Theory | Posits the personality with three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego
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| Id | Present at births, consists of the individual's unconscious instinctual drives or needs. It seeks immediate gratification
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| Pleasure Principle | According to Freud, the function of the id that reduces tension by gratifying instinctual needs without regard for logic, reality, or morality.
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| Ego | Develops at about six months in response to the id's inability to gratify all of its needs. Operates on the basis of the Reality Principle - it defers gratification of the id's instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality and uses second
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| Reality Principle | According to Freud, the ego function which gratifies id needs in a manner consistent with the realistic demands of the environment.
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| Superego | Emerges when the child is between four and five; represents an internalization of society's values and standards as conveyed to the child by his/her parents through their rewards and punishments.
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| Anxiety | A conflict between the id's impulses and the demands of either reality or the superego
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| Defense Mechanisms | When the ego is not able to resolve a conflict through reactional, realistic means. Two characteristics: 1) they operate on an unconscious level; and 2) they serve to deny or distort reality.
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| Defense Mechanisms (9 terms) | Repression, Fixation, Regression, Introjection, Projection, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Displacement, and Sublimation
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| Repression | Freud divided the mind into three areas; the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. Repression occurs when the id's drives are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious.
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| Fixation | A person is exhibiting fixation when, as the result of an unresolved conflict or other trauma during a particular stage of development, the person remains (becomes fixated) at that stage.
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| Regression | Occurs when a person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development and behaves in ways characteristic of that stage.
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| Introjection | When one incorporates into one's ego system the picture of an object as one conceives the object to be.
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| Projection | Involves attributing one's own unacceptable instinctual needs to other people.
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| Rationalization | Entails explaining one's unacceptable behaviors in ways which make them appear rational and socially acceptable.
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| Displacement | The transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target so the drive can be more safely expressed.
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| Sublimation | A type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially-acceptable, even admirable, activity.
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| Developmental Theory | Emphasizes the sexual drives of the id and proposes one's personality is formed during childhood as the result of certain experiences which occur during the five psychosexual stages of development.
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| Psychosexual Stages of Development | 1) Oral; 2) Anal; 3) Phallic; 4) Latency; & 5) Genital
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| Oral Stage | First stage of psychosexual development (age 0 to 12 months), when pleasure is centered on the mouth area.
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| Anal Stage | Second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination.
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| Phallic Stage | Third stage of psychosexual development (three to six years), when gratification is centered on the genital area. The Oedipus conflict occurs during this time.
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| Latency Stage | Fourth stage of psychosexual development (six to twelve years), emphasis is developing social skills rather than sexual gratification.
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| Genital Stage | Fifth stage of psychosexual development (Twelve + years), when sexual gratification is achieved through sexual intercourse.
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| Oedipus Conflict | The incestual attraction the boy has toward his mother and its accompanying desire to kill the rival for his mother's affection (i.e. father) and fear of castration by his father.
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| Maladaptive Behavior | The result of unresolved unconscious conflicts which occurred during childhood.
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| Therapeutic Goals | To alleviate pathological symptoms by making the unconscious conscious and reintegrating previously repressed material into the total personality structure.
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| Therapeutic Techniques | The main targets of analysis are the client's free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences.
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| Free Association | Requires the client to say whatever comes to mind without censure.
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| Dream Analysis | To help uncover unconscious conflicts and motives.
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| Resistance | Client may resist further confrontation with previously unconscious material to avoid anxiety. Resistance can be manifested by missed appointments, tardiness, and avoidance of certain topics or periods of silence.
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| Transference | Allows the client to project onto the therapist feelings he or she originally had for a parent or other significant person in the past.
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| Countertransference | A therapist's inappropriate emotional reactions to the client.
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| Clarification | Restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms.
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| Confrontation | Making statements which help the client see his/her behavior in a new way.
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| Interpretation | Explicitly connecting a client's current behavior to unconscious processes.
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| Catharsis | The emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material; it paves the way for the client's insight into the relationship between his/her current behaviors and unconscious processes.
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| Working Through | The final and longest stage in psychoanalysis, allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality.
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| Reaction Formation | Defense mechanism involving replacing an anxiety-arousing impulse with its direct opposite.
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