Biological Typology (Eysenck's) Ryckman 2013 10e
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| androgens | Male sex hormones; in mammals, the principal one is testosterone.
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| antigens | Protein or carbohydrate substances (such as toxins or enzymes) that, when introduced into the body, stimulate the production of antibodies.
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| arousal theory | Explanation of behavioral differences in terms of the interactions between inherited levels of nervous system arousal and levels of environmental stimulation.
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| ascending reticular activatin system (ARAS) | The part of the central nervous system located in the lower brain stem; it is involved in the arousal of the cerebral cortex.
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| autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous systme--usually not under the individual's voluntary control--that regulates the operation of internal organs and glands; it consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic subsytsems.
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| behavior therapy | Multifaceted approach to the treatment of disorders based on the principles of conditioning, counterconditioning, extinction, and reinforcement.
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| classical conditioning | Association learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired withe an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally evokes an unconditioned response (UCR).
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| convergent thinking | A type of critical thinking which involves focusing in on one idea from an array of ideas in arriving at a solution that society later sees as, no only original, but as socially useful.
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| cortical arousal | State of the cortex during periods of perceptual or cognitive activity.
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| counterconditioning | Procedure often utilized for therapeutic purposes, in which a conditioned response (CR) is weakened by associating the stimulus (CS) that evokes it with the new response that is antagonistic (incompatible) with the CR.
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| divergent thinking | The ability to think along many different paths, to consider alternatives not originality considered in trying to solve problem.
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| dizygotic twins | Twins that develop simultaneously from two separate fertilized eggs (fraternal twins)
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| dopamine | A neurotransmitter or chemical in the brain that, in excessive amounts, can reduce cognitive inhibitions.
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| electrodermal response | Changes in the electrical conductance of the skin that are associated with arousal.
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) | Recording of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex obtained by means of electrodes placed on the skull.
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| evoked potentials | Patterns of waves that occur in the brain following its stimulation..
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| extraverts | Individuals who have an outgoing and sociable approach to life.
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| Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) | An inventory designed to measure the major personality types in adults.
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| flooding | Form of behavior therapy in which the client is exposed to the most intense stimuli that evoke fear, typically for prolonged periods of time, in an effort to extinguish it.
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| hedonic tone | Positive or negative feelings and evaluations associated with various levels of arousal.
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| inhibition theory | Explanation of behavioral differences on the basis of inhibitory cortical processes that hinder nervous-system arousal.
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| introverts | Individuals who have a shy and retiring approach to life.
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| Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire | Inventory designed to measure the major personality types in children.
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| modeling | Demonstration of behavior by one person so that another person can imitate it.
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| monozygotic twins | Twins who develop from the splitting of a single fertilized egg ( identical twins)
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| neurotics | Individuals who are emotionally unstable and overly reactive to stimuli.
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| parasympathetic nervous system | Division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily energies by slowing heart and breathing rates.
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| psychopathology | Various forms of disordered behavior that vary in terms of the severity of impairment.
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| psychotics | Individuals who are aloof, inhumane, aggressive, and insensitive to the needs of others, but also creative.
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| pupillary response | Changes in dilation of the pupils of the eyes associated with arousal.
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| reactive inhibintion | Each time a person responds, a small increment of neural fatigue is built up. Over many responses, fatigue builds to the point where the person stops responding.
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| schizophrenia | Severe psychotic disorder characterized by flat or inappropriate emotion and by withdrawal from external reality and other people.
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| serotonin | A chemical neurotransmitter in the brain believed to be associated with psychoticism and schizophrenic thinking.
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| sympathetic nervous system | Division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for action, speeding up heart and breathing rates and slowing the digestive process.
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| systematic desensitization | Behavior therapy designed to reduce the strong anxieties associated with various stimuli; the client is gradually exposed to them and, at each level in the anxiety hierarchy, learns new responses through counterconditioning.
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| typology | A means of classifying behavior through the use of continuous, highly abstract concepts (types) that encompass clusters of correlated traits.
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| visceral brain | Parts of the brain that underlie emotional feelings and expression; also known as the limbic system.
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