Key Terms and Definitions
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| Absorption | The process which a drug is taken into the body, moving from site of administration into the blood.
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| Adverse Effect | The undesired, potentially harmful side effects of drugs.
Example: N&V, drug toxicity, hypersensitivity, or idiosyncratic reactions.
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| Agonist | Drugs that bind to or have an attraction for a receptor and cause a particular response.
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| Antagonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and prevent a response ; also called receptor blockers.
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| Bioavailability | Degree to which a drug molecule reaches site of action to exert its effects.
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| Biotechnology | Concepts of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology; Use of living organisms or biological processes in technical industrial applications.
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| Biotransformation | Chemical composition of a drug changed by a process called metabolism; The chemical alteration that a substance undergoes in the body
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| Bolus | Concentrated mass of diagnostic substance given rapidly intravenously, like opaque contrast medium or IV medications; Drugs given all as once
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| Contraindication | Reasons against giving a particular drug; Any symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug or device unsafe or inappropriate.
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| Distribution | Drug molecules that diffuse out of the blood stream to the site of action;
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| Duration | The time between onset and disappearance of drug effects.
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| Emulsion | Liquid medication form in which the medication is contained in a mixture of water and oil, bound together with an emulsifier; mixture of 2 liquids not mutually soluble, if not shaken divides globules into discontinuous or dispersed phases.
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| Enteral | Medication administration route in which medication is taken into the gastrointestinal tract, primarily by mouth/orally.
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| Excretion | When medications taken into the body get eliminated; The elimination of waste products from the body.
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| Hypersensitivity | An adverse effect resulting fro previous exposure to the drug or a similar drug.
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| Idiosyncratic Effect | Rare and unpredictable adverse reaction to drugs.
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| Indication | Reason or purpose for giving a medication; an approved use for a drug.
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| Local Effect | An effect occurring at site of application of topical or therapeutic agents.
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| Onset | The time between administration of drug and the first appearance of effects.
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| Parenteral | Any medication administration route other than digestive tract; most common are subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous.
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| Pharmacodynamics | Study of what drugs do to the body ( how drugs affect the body); Study of drugs and their actions on living organisms.
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| Pharmacokinetics | Study of what the body does to drugs ( how the body processes drugs); The study of the metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the 4 basic physiologic processes: absorption, distribution, biotransformation, & excretion.
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| Plasma Protein Binding | When drug molecules bind to the proteins albumins or globulins contained in plasma (liquid portion of blood).
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| Reconstituted | Mixing of powder medications with a liquid to form a solution that can be administered by injection;The process of adding a diluent to a powdered medication to prepare a solution or suspension.
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| Side Effect | Predictable but unintended effect of a drug (example is drowsiness, nausea, headache, or insomnia); An action or effect of a drug other than that desired.
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| Solubility | Ability of a drug to be dissolved
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| Solution | Mixture of drug particles fully dissolved in a liquid medium; a liquid containing a dissolved substance or drug particles.
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| Suspension | A form in which solid undissolved particles float in a liquid; State of a solid when its particles are mixed with, but not yet dissolved in, a fluid or another solid or substance.
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| Synergist | A drug that enhances the effect of another drug;
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| Systemic Effect | An effect occurring throughout the entire body from topical or therapeutic agents.
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| Topical | Medications that are applied to the skin surface or a mucous membrane lined cavity.
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| Controlled Substances | Drugs that are regulated by state and federal laws and may be declared illegal for sale or use, but may b dispensed under a physician's prescription.
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| Narcotics | Drugs that depress the central nervous system, relieving pain and producing sleep. Examples: Opium, Morphine, codeine, Papaverine, and Heroin.
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| DEA | Drug Enforcement Administration of Department of Justice, established to enforce Controlled Substances Act; Sets standards for handling controlled substances and has legal authority to enforce those standards.
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| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration- They developed classification system related to medications' effects on unborn children and are the official regulatory for foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.
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| The Joint Commission | Once known as Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations/ JACHO- evaluates and accredits health care facilities and sets policies such as National Patient Safety Goals.
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| OTC | Over-the-Counter drugs- Medications that do not require a prescription.
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| PDR | Physician's Desk Reference- An annual compendium of information concerning drugs, primarily prescription and diagnostic products.
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| USP-NF | United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary- Official medication list recognized by the U.S government. It lists standards for medication quality, safety , and effectiveness, also physical and chemical characteristics of listed medications.
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