Neuromuscular selective terminology
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| agnosia | inability to recognize familiar objects with one form of sensation (e.g., visual agnosia)
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| akinesia | inability to initiate movement
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| aphasia | disturbance to language that results in errors in word choice, comprehension, or syntax
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| expressive (broca's) aphasia | severe difficulty in verbal expression with impairment in object naming and writing abilities. Mostly found in those with R hemiplegia.
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| global aphasia | most common and severe form of aphasia. Reduced speech and comprehension. Reading and writing are impaired as well.
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| receptive (wernicke's) aphasia | severe disturbance in auditory comprehension. Reading, writing, and word recognition are also impaired.
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| apraxia | inability to perform movement previously learned even though there is no loss of strength, coordination, sensation, or comprehension
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| Ideational apraxia | person no longer gets the "idea" of how to do a routine task; eg., washing hands or brushing teetch
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| ideomotor apraxia | person cannot do a task on command but can do it spontaneously
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| astereognosis | inability to recognize objects by touch alone
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| asynergia | inability to move muscles together in a coordinationed manner
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| ataxia | uncoordinated movement, especially gait
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| athetosis | slow, involuntary, worm-like, twisting movements. usually seen in forms of cerebral palsy
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| causalgia | burning sensation, which are painful. often associated wtih CRPS type 2
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| cheyne-stroke respiration | common and bizzare breathing pattern characterized by a period of apnea lasting 10-60 sec followed by gradually increasing, then decreasing depth and frequency of respirations.
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| chorea | rapid, involuntary, jerky movements. seen especially in Huntington's chorea
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| clonus | a rhythmic oscillation of a muscle in response to sustained stretch in patients with UMN lesion
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| decerebrate rigidity | contraction of extensor muscle of UE and LE because of an injury at the level of the brain stem
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| decorticate rigidity | contraction of flexory muscles of UE with contraction of extensor muscles of LE
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| delirium | temporary confusion and loss of mental function. often as a result of illness, drug toxicity, or lack of O2. often reversible.
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| dementia | loss of memor or intellectual functioning.
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| dysmetria | inability to judge distances. seen especially in cerebrallar dysfunction
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| electromyography (EMG) | the study of a graphic record of the contraction of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation. used to evaluate voluntary electrical activity of muscle.
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| glove and stocking anesthesia | occurs in generalized peripheral neuropathies in which the distal portion of the nerves degenerate resulting in anesthesia of the distal extremities in a pattern as if the pt was wearing long gloves and stockings. occasionally seen in GBS
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| herpes zoster (shingles) | painful inflammatoin of posterior root ganglion, caused by virus, resulting in formation of vesicles along the course of dermatomal nerve
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| Horner's syndrome | ptosis of the eyelid, constriction of pupil, lack of sweating of ipsilateral face, often accompanying stroke involving anterior inferior or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
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| morton's neuroma | excessive pronation during stance produces compression between 3rd and 4th metatarsals.
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| nerve conducting velocity (NCV) test | determines speed of propagation of an action potential along a nerve or muscle fiber. If nerve is compressed/damaged, velocity will be slow and latency (time it takes to travel between 2 points) increased.
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| nystagmus | rapid, usually back and forth, movement of the eyeballs
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| reciprocal inhibition | inhibition of muscles antagonistic to those being facilitated. essential for coordinated movements
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| romberg's sign | loss of balance in standing when eyes are closed
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| somatagnosia | lack of awareness of the relationship of one's own body parts or the body parts of others
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| vegetative state | deep coma with abnormal posturing.
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| visual acuity | sharpness of vision that generally decreases with age or certain disabilities such as diabetes
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| homonymous hemianopsia | deficit of either bilateral R or L halves of the visual field, caused by damage to contralateral optic tract. e.g., bilateral L visual field deficit due to R optic tract damange.
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| bitemporal hemianopsia | deficit of bilateral temporal or peripheral visual field, caused by injury at the optic chiasm. (tunnel vision)
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| monocular blindness | blindness in one eye as a result of damage to optic nerve
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