Operant Analysis (Skinner) Ryckman 10e
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| behavior modification | Series of procedures that seek to change behavior through reliance on reinforcement principles or, less often, by reliance on punishment principles.
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| contingency | Relationship between a behavior and its consequences. In some cases, events that precede the behavior are also specified by a contingency.
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| contingent observation procedure | Technique in which children who have behaved disruptively in a play situation are required to sit out, and watch the others play nice. A return to the group is dependent on the child's acknowledgment that he or she understands the correct behavior.
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| continuous reinforcement | Schedule of reinforcement in which each response is followed by a reinforcer.
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| differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) | A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of a time interval during which no instances of unacceptable behavior occurred, i.e., no fighting, biting, screaming or kicking.
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| discrimination | Responding differently in the presence of different situational events.
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| discriminative stimulus | Stimulus whose presence signals an individual to respond because he or she has learned previously that its presence leads to reinforcing consequences.
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| extinction | Reduction in behavior that occurs as a result of the failure to reinforce previously reinforced behavior
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| fixed-interval schedule | Schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed is reinforced.
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| fixed-ratio schedule | Schedule of reinforcement in which a fixed number of responses is required before a reinforcer is applied.
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| functional anaylysis | Attempt to understand behavior by identifying the environmental conditions that determine its occurrence or nonoccurrence. A functional analysis says that behavior is caused by the operation of environmental factors.
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| intermittent reinforcement | Schedule of reinforcement in which responses produce reinforcers only occasionally or intermittently.
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| law of effect | For Thorndike, the principle that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior followed by reward was "stamped in" & behavior followed by punishment was "stamped out" (Current operant-conditioning theory)
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| mentalism | Pejorative term used by some learning theorists to indicate their dissatisfaction with the use of concepts that cannot be objectively assessed as explanatory devices in attempts to account for behavior. Sup to have explanatory power but in reality do not.
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| negative punishment | Removal of a positive reinforcer following a response, with the result that the rate of the response decreases.
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| negative reinforcement | The removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus, for example, electric shock, an extremely loud noise and physical assault whose removal following a response strengthens the occurrence of that response. Strengthens the occurrence of the response.
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| operant analysis | Study of the ways in which behavior is acquired, maintained, or modified by it's reinforcing or punishing consequences.
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| operant conditioning | Establishement of the linkage or association between a behavior and it's consequences.
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| physical aids | Tools used to facilitate certain behaviors, for example eyeglasses used by people w/ vision problems to facilitate sight, hearing aids used by the hearing impaired to facilitate hearing.
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| positive punishment | Presentation of an aversive stimulus following a response, with the result that the rate of that response decreases.
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| positive reinforcement | The presentation of a positive reinfocer following a response, with the result that the rate of the response increases.
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| positive reinforcers | Stimuli that, when they follow behavior, increase the frequency of the behavior.
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| primary punishers | Stimuli that are innately aversive. They do not need to be paired with other aversive stimuli to achieve their aversive properties.
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| primary reinforcers | Stimuli that are innately reinforcing. They do not depend on learning to achieve their reinforcing properties.
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| prompts | Antecedent stimuli that help initiate behaviors.
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| punishment | Presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a psotive reinforced following a behavior, with the result that the performance of that behavior decreases.
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| redirection procedure | A technique in which children who are actin inappropriately are removed from the situation and their attention is directed to an alternative activity.
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| reinforcement | Presentation of a positive reinforcer or removal of a punisher following a behavior, with the result that the frequency of that behavior increases.
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| repertoire | Unique set of acquired behavior patterns.
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| response cost | A punishment procedure in which, contingent on undesirable behavior a positive reinforcer is removed or lost.
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| secondary punishers | Stimuli that become aversive by being paired with other stimuli (primary or conditioned) that are already punishing.
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| secondary reinforcers | Stimuli that become reinforcing by being paired with other stimuli (primary or conditioned) that are already reinforcing.
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| self-control processes | Actions instigated by a person to alter the conditions that influence his or her behavior.
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| self-management procedures | Techniques used by authorities with which institutional members learn to manage or control their own behaviorl
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| shaping | Teaching a new behavior by rinforcing responses that successively approximate it.
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| stimulus control | The process in which a person's response is determined by particular stimuli, If a person has been reinforced for a given behavior in the presence of certain stimuli and not in the presence of others he learns to respond only in the presence of the stimu
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| stimulus generalization | The process by which responses made in the presence of a particular stimulus come to be made in the presence of other, similar stimuli.
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| successive approximations | A procedure whereby responses that more and more closely resemble a terminal response are reinforced.
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| time-out from reinforcement | A punishment procedure in which, contingent on undesirable bhavior, access to positive reinforcers is withdrawn for a brief period.
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| token economy | A behavior modification procedure in which patients earn tokens (or chips or points) for performing behaviors that the hospital staff judges are necessary if the patients are to live effectively.The tokens are conditioned reinforcers that can be exchanged
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