Chapter 7 & 8
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| Cell Membrane | Separates ICF from ECF environment
is semipermeable (selective ) which means that it allows certain substances across
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| Phospholipids | Make up the cell membrane calling it the phospholipid bi-layer
-makes the membrane semipermiable b/c of fatty acid tails
-are amphipathic molecules
containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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| Structure of a phospholipid | contains 1 glycerol +2 fatty acids + phosphate + polar head group
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| Substances that can cross the cell membrane | Lipid soluble substances like gases and cholesterol can easily pass through ex) estrogen
non polar molecules ex) CO2 &O2
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| Substances that CANNOT cross the cell membrane | ions cannot pass because of their charge
carbohydrates cannot pass b/c they are to big and are not able to cross either w/ out protein channels
Polar molecules
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| Other components of the cell membrane | consists of cholesterol & proteins that contribute to the membrane rigidity (stiffness)
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| Cholesterol in the cell membrane | adds support to the membrane by getting in through the openings in the lipid layers
it helps add fluidity to the cell membrane when in different tempertures
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| Proteins in the cell membrane | there are 3 types
- Integral transmembrane proteins
-Lipid anchored proteins are made of single fatty acids in & out of the bilayer
-Peripheral membrane proteins
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| Function of the proteins in the cell membrane | as receptors they are activated by ligands ex)epinephrine and act as (CAMs) cell adhesion molecules to anchor cells towards eachothers ECM
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| Fluid Mosaic Model | Says that the membrane fluid structure has various proteins embedded in it thus making tempertures affect the state of the cell membranes must be fluid & unsaturated than saturated in order to work
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| membrane transport | primary factor is is to create cell membrane permiability
-the cell must be able to exchange materials in and out of the membrane
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| Trans membrane protein functions | 1) Transport as a channel or carrier protein
2) Receptor that detects chemical stimulas
3) cell adhesion Molecules (CAMs) help stick to other cells
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| Aquaporins | are water allowing protein channels through the membrane
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| Types of membrane transport | Passive transport or active transport
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| Passive transport | this transport does not require energy to move substances across
it may or may not require a trans membrane protein
-does require a concentration gradient of high to low
ex) diffusion , facilitated diffusion
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| Active transport | Requires energy to move substances across the membrane
-does not require a concentration gradient b/c it uses energy and trans membrane proteins to get across
ex) sodium potassium pump ,pumps Na out of the cell & K into the cell like a revolving door
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| Diffusion | Focuses on the movement of solutes from a high concentartion to a low one until it reaches equilibrium
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| Concentration Gradient | Is the difference btwn 2 solute concentrations
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| Equilibrium | depends on concentration not volume
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| Diffusion for ions and lipids | b/c ions have a charge an ion channel is required for ions to move across the membrane
lipids are able to diffuse though the membrane because the membrane is lipid soluble
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| Osmosis | is a special type of diffusion it requires a semi permeable membrane
b/c it focuses on the movement of water in the direction of a high [solute] until equilibrium is reached
-this is important in our cells b/c our cells are 99% made of water
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| Osmotic pressure | is exerted by a solution on a cell
-is the ability of the ECF to cause a cell to gain or lose water from the cytosol/ICF
b/c of the movement of water the cell can lyse, or rupture due to swelling
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| Tonicity | is the movement of water that creates pressure on the cell membrane there are 3 types
1) Isotonic solution
2) Hypotonic solution
3)Hypertonic solution
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| Isotonic Solution | this solution does not cause the cell to gain or lose water b/c the [solute] are equal in and out of the cell
there is no net movement
but the water is moving to both sides
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| Hypotonic solution | In this solution water is able to pass freely into the cell causing the cell to gain water and lyse
-the ECF [solutes] is less than the ICF [solute]
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| Hypertonic solution | this solution has a higher [solute] outside the cell causing it to lose water (shrink/ shrivel)
-the ECF [solute] is greater than the ICF [solute]
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| Carrier Mediated Transport | is the transport of ions and compounds across the cell membrane by trans membrane proteins (carrier/channel) may or may not require ATP 2 types
1)facilitated diffusion
2) active transport
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| Facilitated Diffusion | is a type of passive process requiring no energy
-does require a carrier protein and a [gradient] example is glucose transporter carries glucose from a high [glucose] to a low [glucose]
the mvment is limited depending on # of carrier proteins
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| Vesicular Transport | are tiny lipid packages used to transport molecules
-these are derived from the cell membrane or Golgi apparatus
2 types of transport
1)Endocytosis
2)Exocytosis
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| Endocytosis | Begins in cell membrane by folding it inward and bringing in large quantities of substances
3 types of ways
1)receptor mediated endocytosis
2) pinocytosis
3) phagocytosis
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| Receptor mediated endocytosis | selective endocytosis/ a form of pinocytosis
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| Pinocytosis | not selective endocytosis/ cellular drinking
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| Phagocytosis | host defense/ cellular eating
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| Exocytosis | begins at the Golgi apparatus where it is stored
-it is also known as protein secretion b/c the vesicles fuse w/ the membrane resulting in a release of proteins
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| selective permiability | allows some substances to move in the cell more easily than others
by regulating transport
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| protein functions | 1) transport
2)enzymatic activity
3)receptor
4)joins 2 cells
5)attached to the ECM
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| carrier proteins | change their own shape while holding on to a substance during transport
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| ligands | are any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule
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| Energy in cells | is the ability to perform work, and cause change
-is required to assemble and dissasemble compounds , transport & production of energy
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| 2 types of energy | Potential and kinetic energy
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| Kinetic energy | the energy of movement
-heat which can often be lost
-light which is energy movement of photon particles
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| potential energy | is stored energy that an object can contain
-can power up a cell for example the process of cellular respiration the conversion of glucose to ATP
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| Cellular respiration equation | Glucose + O2 ---> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 32 ATP
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| ATP | is a type of energy or potential energy
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| chemical reactions | lead to the making (synthesis) or breaking (disassociation) of a covalent bond
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| enzymes | are proteins that catalyze /speed up chemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP in cells
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| What is thermodynamics | the study of energy transformation
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| 1st law of thermodynamics | when the total amnt of energy of a system is constant
- the energy cannot be created or destroyed also known as the conservation of energy
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | when energy conversions increase entropy / the disorder of the universe
heat is a type of entropy b/c it is sometimes lost in the cell and becomes unusable
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| making and breaking | energy can be stored by making chemical bonds or released by breaking chemical bonds
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| Gibbs free energy | is a living systems energy that can do work when there is a change in temp. and pressure in the cell
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| Changes in gibbs free energy | energy to do work can be calculated by subtracting the final state from the initial state
-or the products minus the reactants
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| Types of chemical reactions | 1) endergonic reaction
2) exergonic reactions
these chemical reactions couple up in order for both of them to occur
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| Endergonic reactions | absorbs energy from the surroundings or by making stored energy
the change is positive
ex) ADP+p ---> ATP (non spontaneous )
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| Exergonic reactions | breaks a covalent bond in order to release energy
-the change is negative
ex) ATP----> P+ ADP (spontaneous)
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| enzyme jobs | to act on substrates and form or break chemical bonds with/out requiring alot of ATP
-they speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
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| Enzyme temp. changes | -the enzyme works best at 37 degrees
-they change shape and function if the temperature is not to their liking.
- if it is to hot the enzyme will unfold and denature
-if the temp is to low the enzyme will become inactive or slow down.
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| -ase... | 2 types of enzymes that break down & then form new things
1) DNase breakes down to DNA & nucleotides
2)Sucrase breakes down to sucrose & fructose
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| Factors that effect enzyme functions | 1) Co factors
2) Chelators
3) Temperture
4) pH
5) [Substrate]
6) Inhibitors
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| Co-factors | are cations that can help an enzyme maintain its shape & function
ex) Ca2+, Mg 2+, Cu 2+
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| Chelators | remove cations from a solution to inhibit enzyme function called EDTA & PTU
EDTA removes {Ca2+, & Mg2+} PTU removes {Cu2+}
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| Temperture | body temp. is 37 degrees
if it is increased to 100 or higher proteins unfold & denature
if the temp decreases the enzyme works slower
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| Different pHs | ex) In the digestive tract
- in the stomach the enzyme pepsin has a pH of 2
-in the small intestine the enzyme Tripsin breaks down proteins with a pH of 8
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| Inhibitors |
1) CI competative inhibitor : are small molecules that compete w/ substrates for an enzymes active site
2) Non Competative inhibitor : are molecules that bind to a region away from active site changing its shape and function
ex) amino acid isolucine
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| Allosteric regulators | control cell enzyme activity they are the relationship that a cell can have w/ another cell through a change in shape & activity
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| Switch for on & off in a cell | is caused by a product in a cell that can lead to feedback inhibition during diff. stages of the protein structure
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| Allosteric Inhibitor | binds to the regulatory site to keep enzymes in a stabilized in active form
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