Chemistry of Life
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| acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water
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| activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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| adhesion | the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other
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| aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent
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| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
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| base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
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| buffer | a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralized small amounts of acids or bases added to it
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| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a liquid in small tubes
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| catalysis | the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst
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| chemical bond | the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
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| chemical reaction | the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
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| cohesion | the force that holds molecules of a single material together
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| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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| concentration | the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore
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| covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| electron | a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
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| energy | the capacity to do work
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| enzyme | a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions
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| hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
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| hydronium ion | an ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water; H3O+
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| hydroxide ion | the OH- ion
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| ion | an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
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| ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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| isotope | an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons
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| mass | a measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force
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| mass number | the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space
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| metabolism | the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
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| molecule | a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces
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| neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom
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| nucleus | in physical science an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons
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| orbital | a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
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| oxidation reaction | a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge
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| pH scale | a range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a system; 1-6=acidic, 7=neutral, 8-14=alkaline
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| polar | describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated
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| product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction
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| poton | a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element
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| reactant | a substance that participates in a chemical reaction
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| redox reaction | a reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms; also known as an oxidation-reduction reaction
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| reduction reaction | a chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons
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| saturated solution | a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
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| solute | in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent
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| solution | a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispered
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| solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
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