Test Review
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| Are offspring that are the result of sexual reproduction ever identical to their parents? | No, because they receive half of their DNA from each parent, not all of it from one.
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| Define Fertilization | When a male sperm cell converges with a female egg cell
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| What organisms reproduce sexually? | Humans and Plants
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| What is the difference between identical twins and fraternal twins? | Identical twins have the same DNA and come from the same fertilized cell, fraternal twins do not
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| Who is Gregor Mendell and why was his work so important | He was the father of genetics-He discovered patterns in heredity and recognized dominance and recessive.
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| How are diseases inherited? | Your parent passes a disease-causing gene
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| Give an example of asexual reproduction. | Cloning, Cells splitting, strawberry plants, etc.
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| Is cloning asexual or sexual reproduction? Does it happen naturally? | Asexual reproduction; No
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| What is the difference between identical twins and cloning? | Identical Twins: Naturally occurs, two parents
Cloning: Does not occur naturally, only one 'parent'
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| Where is genetic information found? | In the nucleus of the cell
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| Define mutation | An error in genetic coding that causes a gene to be reproduced slightly different from the original gene; happens randomly
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| Explain the following statement; Mutations can create variety. | Mutations happen randomly, and can introduce new traits (such as the color of your hair), making there be a variety in traits
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| What is a trade-off of being genetically tested? | Cost, Takes time, people could treat you differently, etc.
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| An organism that has only one kind of allele for a characteristic is called what? | Homozygous
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| An organism that has two kinds of alleles for a characteristic is called; | Heterozygous
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| Two parents are both carriers for a recessive genetic trait. Can their offspring ever have the genetic trait? (Think of a Punnet Square) | Yes, there would be a 25% chance of the child having the condition (In a Punnet Square, both the parents would be heterozygous)
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| How do you find the genotype of an individual? | Studying a pedigree
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| When studying a pedigree, how do scientists determine if a trait is recessive or dominant? | If it is recessive, it will usually skip a generation.
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| What are the sex chromosomes? | XX=Girl
XY=Boy
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| Why does a male determine the sex of an offspring? | They have both X and Y chromosomes (Females only have X chromosomes)
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| What is the genotype of an organism? | The combination of alleles they have.
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| What is a genetic disease? | A disease that can be passed on genetically
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| What are genes? | Inherited bits of information that determine your traits.
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| What is the chance a couple will have a baby boy? | 50% chance
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| What is a carrier? | Someone who carriers a disease-causing gene but does not show symptoms; is still capable of passing gene to offspring
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| What is the phenotype of an organism? | A trait that is physically shown
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| Bonus- Why did Medell use pea plants in his studies? | They produced a lot of offspring, they had simple dominant-recessive traits he could study...
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| Vocab- Inherited bits of information that are passed directly from parent cells to child cells | Genes
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| Vocab- A trait passed on from parents to children | Inherited
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| Vocab-Describes a specific characteristic- example: round face, blue eyes | Trait
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| Vocab- Used when referring to non-human organisms-example-seeds | Offspring
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| Vocab- Offspring produced by asexual reproduction. Inherits all of its traits from one parent. | Clone
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| Vocab- Female reproductive cells | Egg cell
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| Vocab- Science of heredity | Genetics
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| Vocab- The fusion of sperm and egg cells | Fertilizaton
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| Vocab- A gene can be reproduced slightly differently from the original gene- can cause the offspring to have a different trait from the parent | Mutation
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| Vocab- The sperm cell produced by male unites with egg cell produced by female | Sexual Reproduction
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| Vocab- Type of reproduction involving only one parent or cell in which organisms make exact copies of themselves | Asexual Reproduction
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| Vocab- Male reproductive cell | Sperm
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| Vocab- One observable or measurable feature of an organism | Characteristic
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| Vocab- Version of a gene | Allele
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| Vocab- A gene that is physically expressed (appears) over a recessive gene. | Dominant
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| Vocab-A gene that is not physically expressed (hidden) in the presence of a dominant gene. | Recessive
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| Vocab- By chance- Example: Selection of a lottery ticket is a random process | Random
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| Vocab- A person heterozygous for a recessive genetic condition. Such a person does not have the condition, but can pass on allele for it to his/her children. The recessive allele is hidden or masked. | Carrier
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| Vocab- Physical appearance or visible traits- Example: Tall or short | Phenotype
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| Vocab- An organism that has only one kind of allele for a characteristic- Example: TT, tt | Homozygous
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| Vocab- The condition of two alleles of the same gene, neither of which totally masks the other (Equal dominance) | Co-dominance
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| Vocab- Diagram you can use to show how likely each outcome of a breeding experiment is | Punnet Square
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| Vocab- Genetic makeup or allele combinations- Example: TT, Tt, tt | Genotypes
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| Vocab- DNA in a coiled, rod shape form that occurs during cell division | Chromosome
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| Vocab- The formation of cells from a parent cell | Cell Division
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| Vocab- Molecule that contains the information carried by the genes | DNA
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| Vocab- An organism that has alleles for two different traits- Example: Tt | Heterozygous
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| Vocab- The likelihood that a given event will occur by chance- Example: The probability of picking an ace of hearts out of a deck of cards is 1 out of 52 | Probablity
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| Vocab- Complete difference, unlikeness | Diversity
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| Vocab- The result when neither gene from a trait is dominant over the other gene; results in a blending of the two different traits- Example: red and white flowers produce pink flowers | Incomplete Dominance
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| Vocab- A record of marriages and births through several generations | Pedigree
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