Deform & Mount Build
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| Deformation | Changes in the shape and volume of rock as a result of dynamic forces within the Earth.
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| Deformation occurs during: | Pluton Emplacement
Volcanism
Metamorphism
Continental accretion
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| Evidence of Deformation: | Seismic Activity
Volcanism
Plate Movement
Mountain evolution
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| Deformation occur where: | Convergent, Divergent, and Transform boundaries
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| Stress | Force applied to a given area (usually expressed as kilograms per square centimeter)
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| Strain | The resulting modification of a substance as a result of applied stress (unitless - length difference/time)
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| Compression | Stress resulting from objects being pulled squeezed together; shortening of objects
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| Tension | Stress resulting from objects being pulled apart; Lengthening and thinking of objects
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| Shear | Stress resulting form forces acting parallel to one another; displacement of objects
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| Tension | Stress resulting from objects being pulled apart; Lengthening and thinking of objects
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| Elastic Strain | A deformed substance returns to its original state once stress is removed
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| Plastic Strain | Folding or fracturing of rocks as a result of applied stress, where substances behave as ductile or brittle materials
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| Factors that determine strain: | Type of strain
Pressure & Temperature
Rock composition
Duration of stress
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| Principle of Original Horizontality | Nicholas Steno; Sediments accumulate in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers
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| Strike | the direction of a line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and an inclined plane
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| Dip | the measure of an inclined plane’s deviation from the horizontal, which is measured at right angles to strike direction; maxiumum angle of an inclined plane
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| Anticlines | an up-arched or convex upward fold with the oldest rock layers in its core; on either side of the crest, layers dip away from the middle - looks like an A
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| Synclines | Downward arching folds with a "U"shape; the limbs on either side dip towards the crest; the youngest layers in the core
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| Anticlines/Synclines | Form together from a compressional stress deforming layers in a ductile manner in the Earth
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| Upright Folds | the axial plane is vertical and both fold limbs dip at the same angle; appear as linear series of repeating beds in map view
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| Plunging Folds | fold axis is not vertical, but is inclined and appears to dip beneath adjacent rocks
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| Domes and Basins | appear as concentric structures that warp either upward or downward; domes are older in the middle, basins are younger in the middle
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| Boudinage Folds | "Sausage" looking folds generated by tensional stress deforming materials in a ductile nature; a series of either connected or unconnected necks
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| Geological Structures: Brittle | When rocks are exposed to stress at shallow depths, they are subjected to brittle deformation
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| Joints | Linear fractures along which no movement has taken place; almost all near-surface rocks have joints, which usually correlate with regional geologic structures
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| Faults | Rocks are considered faulted when they undergo brittle deformation and there is relative movement of the rocks on either side of the fracture plane; classified based on the relative movement of the hanging wall
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| Dip Slip Faults | Relative movement is in the direction of dip
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| Normal Fault | The hanging wall moves down relative tot eh foot wall, the rocks move with gravity (Tensional)
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| Reverse Fault | The hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall, the rocks moves against gravity (Compressional)
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| Thrust Fault | Subset of reverse fault where the angle of the fault plane is less than 45 degrees
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| Strike-Slip Fault | Blocks on opposite sides of the fault side past each other; synonymous with transform faults in spreading zones
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| Right-lateral Strike-Slip Fault | Plate on opposite side of the fault moves to the right
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| Left-Lateral Strike-Slip Fault | Plate opposite side of the fault moves to the left
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| Oblique-Slip Fault | Contains components of Dip-Slip and Strike-slip
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| Tensional Stress | Ductile Strain: Boudinage
Brittle Strain: Normal Faults
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| Compressional Stress | Ductile Strain: Anticlines/synclines
Brittle Strain: Reverse/Thrust Faults
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| Shear Stress | Ductile Strain: Rotational effects (mylonitic textures)
Brittle Strain: Strike-slip faults
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| Mountain | An area of land that stands significantly higher; at least 300m, than the surrounding country and has a restricted summit area; a single, isolated peak
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| Mountain Range | Linear associations of peaks and ridges
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| Mountain Systems | Complex linear zone of deformation and crustal thickening, composed of several or many mountain ranges.
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| Weathering | Differential weathering and erosion that produces topographic highs with adjacent lowlands;
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| Mesa and Butte | most are less than 300m tall and not true mountains
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| Block-Faulting (Tension stress) | Created by tectonic deformation where tension forces produce normal faults and regions down-dropped leaving topographic highs; Horst and Graben structures
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| Volcanism | Accretion of topographic highs by the continued eruption and crystrallization of magma; Volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, etc.
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| Orogeny | Mountain building that involves crustal thickening; most occur along convergent boundaries where one plate is subducted beneath another or where two continents collide.
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| Accompaniment and Formations of Oroginies | Emplacement of batholiths, metamorphism, and thickening of the Earth's crust; sedimentary rocks that formed in marine environments are often found emplaced high in mountains as a result of orogeny
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| Oceanic-Oceanic Plate Orogeny | Characterized by deformation, igenous activity, and volcanic island arcs; accretionary wedges develop as sediments are folded and thrust over plates; 2 parallel organic belts develop, which eventually converge
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| Oceanic-Continental Plate Orogeny | Subduction of oceanic lithosphere along an oceanic-continental plate boundary; characterized by deformation, plutonism and volcanism
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| Continental-Continental Plate Orogeny | Collision of two continental plates; characterized by deformation, plutonism, volcanism, intense crustal thickening, thrusting and uplift
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| Isostacy via buoyancy | An object that has an average density less than the material in which it resides will float
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| Archimedes Principle | The object will displace an amount of that material equal to the weight of the object
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| Post Glacial Rebound | Glacial depressions shallow as a result of glacial melt
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| Glacial Maxiumum | 20,000 years ago; ice was as thick as 3km covered areas and depressed the land
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| Crust | Less dense than the mantle, floats upon the mantle
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Created by:
FaithRaquel2015
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