Chapter 46 Metabolism, Control of Energy
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| Metabolism | all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
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| metabolic rate | the rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
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| increase in metabolic rate is an increase in | heat
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| absorptive state | when ingested nutrients enter the blood from the GI tract. Some nutrients used immediately and some are stored
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| post absorptive state | when the GI tract is empty of nutrients and the body's own stores must supply energy
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| nutrients absorbed during absorptive state are | carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, minerals and water
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| carbs are absorbed as | monosaccharides (glucose)
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| lipids are absorbed as | triglycerides
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| proteins are absorbed as | amino acids
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| major consumer of glucose are | skeletal muscles
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| if more glucose is absorbed than is immediately needed it is stored | into glycogen in the liver and into fatty acids
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| triglycerides are digested into | fatty acids and monoglycerides diffused across epithelial cells and reassembled
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| triglycerides are used by all organs except the | brain
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| amino acids are taken up by | all body cells and synthesized into proteins
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| in the post absorptive state macromolecules are broken down to supply | monomers that can be used for energy
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| glycogenolysis | glycogen broken down into glucose to raise blood glucose level back to normal
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| gluconeogenesis | enzymes in the liver convert noncarbohydrates into glucose which is then secreted into the blood
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| when animal fails to find food | protein broken down to amino acids and converted to glucose
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| glucose sparing | having other organs and tissues reduce their dependence of glucose sparing it for the CNS and most importantly the brain
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| Glucose sparing is done by increasing the use of | fat as an energy supply
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| lypolysis | essential step to glucose sparing. breaks down triglycerides which releases fatty acids and glycerols
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| Endocrine and nervous systems maintain | homeostatic levels of energy providing nutrients in the blood
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| Insulin | released by pancreas. Regulates blood glucose levels. Promotes transport of glucose from extracellular fluid into cells where it's used for metabolism.
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| Concentration of insulin (increases/decreases) during the absorptive state | increases
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| First step of regulating glucose | insulin binds to a cell-surface receptor
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| Second step of regulating glucose | intracellular signaling pathway is stimulated
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| Third step of regulating glucose | pathway increases availability of transport proteins (GLUTS) in plasma membrane
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| Fourth step of regulating glucose | Vesicles are stimulated which fuses GLUTS with membrane
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| Fifth step of regulating glucose | GLUTS transport glucose into cells
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| Signals from the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulate the secretion of insulin into the blood | parasympathetic
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| Glucagon | protein hormone which is secreted by pancreas and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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| norepeinephrine | released from neurons of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system. Stimulates adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the blood
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| calorie | amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
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| basal metabolic rate | most common measure used to compare the metabolic rates of different species at rest. Metabolic cost of living
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| thermoneutral zone | standard temperature for endotherms. Range where an animal is neither generating heat or losing heat
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| Standard metabolic rate | ectotherms.
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| direct calorimetry | gerbil in ice box
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| indirect calorimetry | CO2 collected
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| Factors that influence metabolic rate | structure, activity, body size
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| structure | skin has lower metabolic rate than brain heart and liver
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| activity | metabolic rate is higher when food is being digested
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| body size | metabolic rate for large animals higher than small ones
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| Mass-specific BMR | amount of energy expended per gram of body mass.
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| Torpor | strategy of lowering internal body temperature to just a few degrees above the environment.
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| Hibernation | torpor that extends for months
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| To keep body weight stable | amount of energy consumed= amount of energy expended
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| satiety | feeling of fullness. Short-term control of feeding.
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| Stomach stretches to fit food, nerves send inhibitory signals from stomach to | appetite center if hypothalamus
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| Long term control of food intake mediated by different | brain molecules, hormones and emotional state
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| Leptin | produced by adipose cells in proportion to fat mass. Increase in stored fat= increase in leptin released, decrease in appetite
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| decrease in adipose mass = | decrease in leptin secretion
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| decrease in leptin secretion= | decrease in BMR
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| decrease in BMR= | increase in appetite
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| effect of high temp on chemical reactions | accelerates chemical reactions
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| effect of high temp on protein function | decreases protein function. Denatures them, changes their shape
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| effect of high temp on membrane structure | membrane more fluid. can become leaky
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| effect of low temp on membrane structure | membrane too rigid
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| homeotherms | maintain their body temp within a narrow range
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| heterotherms | body temp varies with environment
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| radiation | emission of electromagnetic waves by the surfaces of objects
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| evaporation | conversion of water from the liquid state to the gaseous state. Sweat
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| convection | transfer of heat by the movement of air or fluid next to the body. Fan
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| conduction | body surfaces loses or gains heat through direct contact with cooler or warmer substances. Jumping in a pool to cool off
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| On hot days, skin surface blood vessels ______ to dissipate heat | dilate
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| On cold days, skin surface blood vessels _____ to trap heat | constrict
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| countercurrent exchange | heat is transferred between fluids flowing in opposite directions. Between warm arteries and cold veins
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| Evaporative heat loss | changing the rate of water evaporation through perspiration
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| Behavioral adpatations | alter heat loss by radiation, conduction and evaporation. Changing surface area available to sun
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| Acclimization | long-term exposure to a challenging environment results in a fine-tuning of the adaptive mechanisms that persist for as long as the animal lives in that environment.
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| Excess body fat increases the risk of | high blood pressure, cancer, heart disease and diabetes
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| Body mass index (BMI) | preferred method for assessing body fat and health risks
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| Anorexia nervosa | characterized by weight loss. Pathologically obsessed with weight and body image to the point of starvation
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| Bulimia nervosa | recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by use of methods to prevent weight gain: self induced vomiting, laxatives and diuretics
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