Acute and chronic Exam 2
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| Nonopioids include: | Acetaminophen (no anti-inflamation), aspirin and other salicylates, and NSAIDs
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| Narcan | An opioid antagonist, is used to reverse the respiratory sedation accompanying acute overdoses of opioids and to ameliorate other opioid side effects.
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| Patients at risk for respiratory depression when using morphine are. A) Opioid naive. B) Elderly. C) Receiving antihistamines. D) All of the above. E) A & B. | Patients at risk for respiratory depression include those who are opioid naive, are elderly, have underlying lung disease, or are receiving other CNS depressants (e.g., sedatives, benzodiazepines, antihistamines).
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| Common side effects of opioids include: What? Which does not resolve with time and use? | Constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, and pruritus. Constipation still persist after development of opioid tolernace.
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| T or F? Patients who have just had heart surgery should take some form of NSAIDs. | Drug Alert - Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs (except aspirin) have been linked to a higher risk for increased cardiovascular events such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
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| hyperalgesia | increased responses to noxious stimuli
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| allodynia | painful responses to normally innocuous stimuli
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| persistent pain | prolonged pain after the original noxious stimulus ends
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| referred pain | the spread of pain to uninjured tissue
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| Corticosteroid drugs include: | These drugs, which include dexamethasone [Decadron], prednisone, and methylprednisolone [Medrol], are used for management of acute and chronic cancer pain, pain secondary to spinal cord compression, and inflammatory joint pain syndromes.
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| NSAIDS drug actions | Transduction is the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential. Decreasing the effects of chemicals released at the periphery is the basis of several drug approaches to pain relief. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen
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| What is the side effect of morphine to watch for? | Drug Alert - MorphineMay cause respiratory depression.If respirations are #12 per minute, withhold medication and contact health care provider.
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| ______ is the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain. | Transmission is the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain.
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| ______ is the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential. | Transduction is the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential.
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| ______ is the perception occurs when pain is recognized, defined, and responded to by the individual experiencing the pain. | Perception occurs when pain is recognized, defined, and responded to by the individual experiencing the pain.
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| ______ involves the activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or facilitatory effects on the transmission of pain | Modulation involves the activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or facilitatory effects on the transmission of pain.
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| ______ is pain caused by damage to somatic or visceral tissue | Nociceptive pain is caused by damage to somatic or visceral tissue.
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| ______ is pain resulting from tumor involvement or obstruction. | Visceral pain, which may result from stimuli such as tumor involvement or obstruction, arises from internal organs such as the intestine and bladder.
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| ______ is pain from bone, join, musle, skin, or connective tissue. | Somatic pain, characterized as deep, aching, or throbbing that is well localized, arises from bone, joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue.
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| ______ is watching TV or a movie, conversing, listening to music, playing a game to decrease pain perception. | Distraction involves redirection of attention onto something and away from the pain. It is a simple but powerful strategy to relieve pain and can be achieved by engaging the patient in any activity that can hold his or her attention.
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| Unrelieved pain leads to ? | Consequences of untreated pain include unnecessary suffering, physical and psychosocial dysfunction, impaired recovery from acute illness and surgery, immunosuppression, and sleep disturbances.
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| A patient is severely hurt in a gas-leaked explusion with many broken bones but report no pain. Why? | Endogenous opioids, which include enkephalin and β-endorphin, are chemicals that are synthesized and secreted by the body. They are capable of producing analgesic effects similar to those of exogenous opioids such as morphine.
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