The Rule of Law
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| Criminal Law | One of two general types of law practiced in the united states (the other is civil law);" a formal means of social control [that uses] rules...interpreted [and enforced] by the courts ...to sets limits to the conduct of the citizens,to guide the officials
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| Penal Code | The criminal law of a political jurisdiction
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| Tort | A violation of the civil law
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| Civil Law | One of two general types of law practiced in the united states (the other is criminal law); a means of resolving conflicts between individuals.It includes personal injury claims (torts),the law of the contracts and property,and subjects such as administra
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| Substantive Law | The body of law that defines criminal offenses and their penalties
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| Procedural Law | The body of law that governs the way substantive laws are administered; sometimes called adjective or remedial law.
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| Due Process of Law | The rights of people suspected of or charged with crimes
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| Politicality | An ideal characteristic of criminal law, referring to its legitimate source. Only violations of rules made by the state, the political jurisdiction that enacted the laws, are crimes
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| Specificity | An ideal characteristic of criminal law, referring to its scope. Although civil law may be general in scope, criminal law should provide strict definitions of specific acts.
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| Regularity | A ideal characteristic of criminal law: the applicability of the law to all persons,regardless of social status
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| Uniformity | An ideal characteristic of criminal law: the enforcement of the laws against anyone who violates them,regardless of social status
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| Penal Sanction | An ideal characteristic of criminal law: the principle that violators will be punished or at least threatened with punishment by the state
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| Precedent | A decision that forms a potential basis for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future; a by-product of decisions made by trial and appellate court judges,who produce case law whenever they render a decision in a particular case
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| Stare Decisis | The principle of using precedents to guide future decisions in court cases; Latin for "to stand by decided cases"
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| Searches | Explorations or inspections,by law enforcement officers, of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons, for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes.
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| Seizures | The taking of persons or property into custody in response to violations of the criminal law
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| Warrant | A written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person
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| Arrest | The seizure of a person or the taking of a person into custody, either actual physical custody, as when a suspect is handcuffed by a police officer, or constructive custody, as when a person peacefully submits to a police officer's control
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| Mere Suspicion | The standard of proof with the least certainly; a" gut feeling." With mere suspicion, a law enforcement officer cannot legally even stop a suspect
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| Reasonable Suspicion | A standard of proof that is more than a gut feeling. It includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion. With reasonable suspicion, a law enforcement officer is legally permitted to stop and frisk a suspect
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| Frisking | Conducting a search for weapons by patting the outside of a suspect's clothing feeling for hard objects that might be weapons
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| Probable Cause | The amounts of proof necessary for a reasonably intelligent person to believe that a crime has been committed or that items connected with criminal activity can be found in a particular place. It is the standard of proof needed to conduct a search or to
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| Preponderance of Evidence | Evidence that more likely than not outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation
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| Clear and Convincing Evidence | The standard of proof required in some civil cases and, in federal courts, the standard of proof necessary for defendant to make a successful claim of insanity
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| Beyond a Reasonable Doubt | The standard of proof necessary to find a defendant guilty in criminal trial
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| Exclusionary Rule | The rule that illegally seized evidence must be excluded from trials in federal courts
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| Double Jeopardy | The trying of defendant a second time for the same offense when jeopardy attached in the first trial and a mistrial was declared
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| Self-Incrimination | Being a witness against oneself. If forced, it is a violation of the fifth amendment
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| Confession | An admission by a person accused of a crime that he or she committed the offense charged
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| Doctrine of Fundamental Fairness | The rule that makes confession inadmissible in criminal trials if they were obtained by means of either psychological manipulation or ''third-degree'' methods
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| Subpoena | A written order issued by a court that required a person to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony. It can also require that documents and objects be made available for examination by the court
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| Venue | The place of the trial. It must be geographically appropriate.
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