Chapter 19
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| gastrointestinal (GI) tract | A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
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| accessory digestive organs | Teeth,tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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| ingestion | This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (Eating)
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| secretion | Each day, cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secrete a total of about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract
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| mixing and propulsion | alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus. (Motility)
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| digestion | Mechanical and chemical processes break down ingested food into small molecules
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| mechanical digestion | the teeth cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine churn the food
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| chemical digestion | the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes
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| absorption | the entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and small molecules that are products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract
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| defecation | wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, and cells shed from lining of the GI tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed leaved the body through the anus
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| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa | four layers of the GI tract
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| mucosa | A layer of epithelium, areolar connective tissue (propia), smooth muscle (lamina muscularis mucosae) that increases surface area for digestion and absorption and protects GI against pathogens
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| submucosa | Areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa and muscularis
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| muscularis | skeletal muscle that forms the external anal sphincter, mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus
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| serosa and peritoneum | membrane that secretes a slippery, watery fluid that allows the tract to glide easily against other organs
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| greater omentum | drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine like a "fatty apron"
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| mesentery | A part of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
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| oral cavity | cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue
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| hard palate | consists of the maxillae and palatine bones, forms most of the roof of the mouth
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| soft palate | muscles in the mouth
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| uvula | projections of the soft palate, prevents entry of food and liquids into the nasal cavity
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| lingual frenulum | a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the undersurface of the tongue, limits the movement of the tongue posteriorly
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| papillae | projections on the upper surface and sides of the tongue
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| parotid, submandibular, sublingual | 3 salivary glands
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| parotid glands | located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and masseter muscle
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| submandibular glands | found in the floor of the mouth
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| sublingual glands | beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands
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| saliva | 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes. Water helps dissolve foods so they can be tasted and begins digestion. Solutes begin digestion of starches in the mouth
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| salivary amylase | breaks down starch in the mouth
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| salivation | secretion of saliva
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| mastication | mechanical digestion consisting of chewing
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| bolus | end product of mastication
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| pharynx | a funnel-shaped tube that is composed of skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane
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| esophagus | a muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium, transports food to the stomach and secretes mucus
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| upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal spincter | 2 sphincters at the end of the esophagus
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| upper esophageal sphincter | regulates movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus
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| lower esophageal sphincter | regulates movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach
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| voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal | 3 stages of swallowing
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| voluntary stage | bolus is forced to the back of the mouth cavity and into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue
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| pharyngeal stage | breathing is temporarily interrupted when the soft palate and uvula move upward to close off the nasopharynx and the epiglottis seals of the larynx
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| esophageal stage | food is pushed through the esophagus by peristalsis
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| peristalsis | muscular contractions along the esophagus
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| stomach | mixing chamber and holding reservoir
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| rugae | large folds of the mucosa
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| mucous neck cells | secrete mucus
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| chief cells | secrete pepsinogen
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| pepsinogen | inactive form of pepsin
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| parietal cells | produce hydrochloric acid which kills microbes and converts pepsinogen into pepsin
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| gastric juices | the secretions of the mucous, chief, and parietal cells
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| G cells | secrete the hormone gastrin
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| mixing waves | gentle, rippling peristaltic movements of the muscularis
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| chyme | bolus mixed with gastric juices
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| gastric emptying | mixing wave forces a small amount of chyme through the the partially closed pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
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| pancreatic duct | secretions pass from the the pancreas to the duodenum; unites the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder, forming a common duct to the duodenum
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| acini | pancreatic cells arranged in clusters, exocrine
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| pancreatic juice | cells within acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes, contains water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes
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| pancreatic islets | 1% of the other pancreatic cells, endocrine. Secrete glucagen, insulin, somastatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
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| pancreatic amylase | breaks down starch in pancreas
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| trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase | protein-digesting enzymes
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| pancreatic lipase | digests tryglycerides
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| ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease | digests nucleic acids
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| enterokinase | activated form of trypsin
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| liver | weighs 1.4 kgs and is the second largest organ in the body
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| gallbladder | pear-shaped sac that hangs from the lower front margin of the liver
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| lobules | units of the liver
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| hepatocytes | specialized cells that make up lobules
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| sinosoids | highly permeable capillaries
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| emuslification | the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules, and absorption of lipids following their digestion
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| bilirubin | principal bile pigment
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| absorptive cells | found in the small intestine, contain microvilli and digest and absorb nutrients in small intestinal chyme
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| s cells, CCK cells, and K cells | secrete hormones into the bloodstream such as secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
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| duodenal glands | secrete an alkaline mucus
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| circular folds | permanent ridges of the mucosa and submucosa that enhances absorption by increasing surface area
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| villi | fingerlike projections of the mucosa
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| lacteal | lymphatic capillary
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| microvilli | tiny projections of the plasma membrane
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| intestinal juice | secreted by the intestinal glands, contains mucus, alkaline
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| segmentations | localized contractions that slosh chyme back and forth
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| maltase | splits maltose into two molecules of glucose
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| sucrase | breaks sucrose into a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose
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| lactase | digests lactose into a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose
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| peptidases | enzymes produced by absorptive cells that line the villi
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| micelles | tiny droplets that include some bile salt molecules along with the long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and other dietary lipids
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| chylomicrons | large spherical particles that are coated with proteins
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| mass peristalsis | a strong peristaltic wave that begins in the middle of the colon and drives the colonic contents into the rectum
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| defecation reflex | result of mass peristalsis
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| cephalic phase | smell, sight, sound, or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain, leading to salivation
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| gastric phase | gastrin is released
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| intestinal phase | slows digestion
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